Németh Györgyi szerk.: Manufaktúrák Magyarországon 1. Manufaktúratörténeti Konferencia Miskolc, 1989. október 16-17. (Kiegészítő kötet. Miskolc, 1991)

Heckenast Gusztáv: FINAL SPEECH OF THE PRESIDENT

realized it we must be aware lest we should speak about manufactures everywhere. We know the attempts which discovered capitalism in antiquity and which called the most different despotic and dictatorial ruling systems absolutism disregarding whether Babylon, the Roman emperors, Louis XIV or Stalin was in question. So we have to avoid doing similar things. But we have to keep it in mind that although manufacture as an industrial unit cannot be connected to one social system the notion of manufacture is connected to a certain historical period. We have to balance between the sensible usage and the fetish of the term. The notion of manufacture was used by those who were interested in it that is the contemporaries in the early period of capitalistic industrial production. They used it between certain limits. There were some industrial branches in connection with they used it and there were some that they did not use it with. This usage evolved historically and we have to take it into consideration. Yesterday Walter Endrei raised the question with good reason - it is a pity that István Hőgye was not present he would have liked it - that as a matter of fact mines are industrial units based on division of labour and early mechanization practically they can be considered manufactures. The other example of Walter Endrei was press which meets the criteria of manufacture as well. In spite of these neither mines nor presses were discussed in historical literature as manufactures because the contemporaries did not look upon them as such. We have to comply with it. The question of production with fire is raised here for which the notion of Bergfabrik was constructed by the experts of the Chamber in the 18th century. Those manufacturilike forms - foundries and forging mills - belong here which form the material with the help of fire. The notion of Bergfabrik is used beside manufacture by Rudolf Forberger in East-German historiography. He treats them in his book on manufactures but he does not intermix them as he considers Bergfabrik a type of manufacture. As far as I know the German notion of Bergfabrik does not occur anywhere else perhaps my knowledge is insufficient. So these manufacture-like forms working with fire are not generally considered manufactures. I do not call the ironworks I dealt with manufactures either. I do not argue with Györgyi Németh and with her study here but with the municipalities which included a few ironworks in the manufacture-tables. It is beyond doubt that in economical and social