A Herman Ottó Múzeum évkönyve 50. (2011)

RÉGÉSZET - CSENGERI Piroska: Középső neolitikus arcos edények Garadnáról (Hernád- völgy)

Középső neolitikus arcos edények Garadnáról 91 Fig. 12, 4) and the nose with a boss (Fig. 1; Fig. 3-4; Fig. 8, 1 and 4; Fig. 11, 3; Fig. 12, 4), but it occurs that neither of them were signed (no eyes: Fig. 8, 3; no nose: Fig. 3, 3a; Fig. 4; Fig. 8, 1; Fig. 8, 3-4). In most cases, the mouth is T-shaped (Fig. 1; Fig. 3, 1 and 3a; Fig. 4; Fig. 8, 3-4), but the motif similar to a comb with 9 teeth also occurs (Fig. 8, 2). This kind of decoration appears on the back of the figurines and face vessels of the Late Szakáihát culture, and the use of them were common in the Tisza culture, too (RACZKY 2000, 15, 19; RACZKY-ANDERS 2003, 170). So far, the item of Garadna is an extraordinary piece among the finds of the northern groups of ALPC, and it refers to the connection of the two large cultural groups. The most important part of the face representations with sickle motif is the eponym sickle sign. The structure of this motif is a bit different on the finds of Garadna from the earlier ones. In their cases, the sickle motif is asymmetric, because an angular sign connects to the end of the sickle sign (towards the edge of the face). This angular motif is repeated on the other side of the face symmetrically (Fig. 1; Fig. 3, 1; Fig. 8, 1 and 3). However, we cannot find the sickle formed sign next the angular sign on the vessel No. 2 (Fig. 3, 3a; Fig. 4). The sickle formed motif starts 7 times from the right side of the face (Fig. 1; Fig. 3, 1; Fig. 8, 1-2 and 4; Fig. 10, 1; Fig. 11, 3; Fig. 12, 4), and once from the left side (Fig. 8, 3). In Garadna, similar to the observations of N. Kalicz and J. Koós (KALICZ-S. KOÓS 2000a, 20), the side frame of the face is a slanting rectangle-row most times (Fig. 1; Fig. 3, 1; Fig. 8, 4; Fig. 9, 1-2; Fig. 11, 1 and 5; Fig. 12, 1-3 and 5-7). Other types of decorations also occur. We have to emphasize the seven fragments, on which the face is a reversed triangle shape and the edge of the triangle rises from the side of the vessel like a rib. Therewith the face is a hit slanting, similar to the faces of the figurines (Fig. 11, 15; Fig. 12, 1 and 6). Based on an almost complete vessel, which was found at the site of MezőzomborTemető (KALICZ-S. KOÓS 2000a, Fig. 1-2 and 15-16), we called these vessels "Mezőzombor type". We can observe hair depiction on the vessels and ceramic fragments of Garadna (scratched decoration of the edge above the face: Fig. 1; Fig. 3, 1 and 3a; Fig. 8, 1 and 4; Fig. 12, 1; combined pattern: Fig. 3, 3a; Fig. 4; arched, cross-hatching: Fig. 8, 2). We can find double band motif at the back of all three (almost) entirely remained face vessels (Fig. 2; Fig. 3, 3b; Fig. 5; Fig. 9, 3; Fig. 10, 2). This symbolic sign appears on the figurines and face vessels both in the north and south settlement blocks of ALPC (RACZKY-ANDERS 2003, 170). The face storage jar No. 1 (Fig. 1-2; Fig. 3, 1-2) has got several features, which are similar to Szakáihát culture ones. These are for example the two lugs on the shoulders of jar, which are similar to the raised arms (GOLDMAN 1978, 35; G. SZÉNÁSZKY 1990, 153; HEGEDŰS 1985, 40; KALICZ-S. KOÓS 2000a, 18; GOLDMAN-SZÉNASZKY 2002, 56; 2009, 53-54; SEBŐK-KOVÁCS 2009, 83-84), the post-fired red painting on the side and back of the jar (GOLDMAN 1978, 36-37; G. SZÉNÁSZKY 1990, 151; KALICZ-S. KOÓS 2000a, 18; GOLDMAN-SZÉNÁSZKY 2009, 54; SEBŐK-KOVÁCS 2009, 81, 83), and the thin rib jointed with slanting hacks around the neck of vessel (Csanytelek-Újhalastó, face vessel No. 2, HEGEDŰS 1985, 40, Pl. II). The majority of the researchers consider that the face vessels represent a supernatural being symbolically. By the help of him/her, the Neolithic man wanted to preserve the contents of the vessel (FÁBIÁN 2005, 14 with detailed bibliography). The face jars could be used as sacrificial vessels during the ritual events (LÁSZLÓ 1972, 235, small, bottle- or amphora-shaped vessels MAKKAY 1978, 29; SLKLÓDL 1991, 39; HAJDÚ 2007). In the face vessels of the "Garadna-Elkerülő út" site No. 2, some foods (cereals, seeds, solid basic material of foods, foods etc.) were probably stored. The function of the symbolic depiction could be the defence. Besides the storage, the vessels could be used during some ceremonies. It is proved by the case of the two complete vessels. The vessel No. 2 (Fig. 3, 3; Fig. 4-5) put under the ground as the part of a funeral ceremony (Fig. 6-7). The large, painted vessel No. 1 (Fig. 1-2; Fig. 3, 1-2) with cylindrical neck and incised decoration came to light with two grinding stones and covering and filling up with fragments of burnt wattle and daub. The best analogies are the sacrificial pits with grinding stones of MAKKAY 1978, the feature No. 80 of Polgár-Király-érpart (storage vessel with two grinding stones in a pit) and the feature No. 108 of