A Herman Ottó Múzeum Évkönyve 32. Kunt Ernő emlékére. (1994)

TANULMÁNYOK - TOLCSVAI NAGY Gábor: Történeti és etnikai kapcsolatok a magyar nyelv iráni, török és mongol jövevényszavainak tükrében (magyar és angol nyelven)

In the necessarily short summary every important linguistic influence (i. e. the case of Iranian, Mongolian and Turkish loan-words, except the Slavic effect) will be delt with between the period of the Uralic and Finno-Ugric original home and the Hungarian conquest (9th c. A. D.) The question is put up by the title of the conference: can any proof of contacts between the two end of steppe be given by linguistic investigations? The investigation of loan-words - as it is known - gives a very important key to the research of the history of Hungarian language, to the Hungarian historical phonetics and phonology as well as to the historical, archeological research of the Finno-Ugric and Old Hungarian history. The methodology of this investigation was developed by comparative linguistics setting up the rules of sound correspondences in the 19th c, while Hungarian linguistics utilized and elaborated them in the special circumstances. The loan-words we are interested in here belong to two great historical periods of Hungarian language (Hajdú 1962: 42-4, Hajdú 1966: 10-4). 1. Pre-Hungarian period: - The period of the Uralic unity, before 4000 B. C. - The period of the Finno-Ugric unity, between 4000-2000 B. C. - The period of the Ugric unity, until 1000 A. D. (the time of the separation is disputed) - The original home at the Ural (500 B. C.-500 A. D.) - The age of the migration Let us see first the data of language history, the most ancient ones, then we can make some statements of the history and cultural history of Hungarian. The latest works try to penetrate behind the reconstructed Uralic language in the family-tree theory, but is seems to be impossible with this idea (converging in time) because of the impossibility of the necessary concentration of population. Paying attantion to this fact Péter Hajdú separated with the help of Trubetzkoy's Sprachbund-theory a layer in the Hungarian lexicon. Its members show Indo-European relations, however not on the basis of mutual ancestors of the Uralic and Indo-European families, but from the contacts between the two families possibly dated in the Pre-Uralic period (Hajdú 1977). The comparisons are based on the reconstrucred forms of Indo-German and Uralic by the derivations of historical phonetics. Examples from Hajdú's list (Hajdú 1977: 158): Indo-German Uralic-Finno •Ugric modern Hungarian *nomn *wed*mozge *kot*nime *wite *moske *kota név 'name' viz 'water' mos 'to wash' ház 'house' etc. According to the above mentioned theory the Uralic original language and its ancestor made contacts in the least earliest periods with both the Indo-European and Altaic languages, although the proof of this contact is quite negligable and disputable. But let us see the next period. The separation of the Indo-Iranian tribes from the other Indo-European groups took place around 5000 B. C. according to János Harmatta (Harmatta 1977: 169). These tribes lived in the steppe region between Eastern Europe and Middle Asia, so the Finno-Ugrians and later the Hungarians could be in contact with the different Iranian tribes in some way for 5000-5500 years. In the following I present the Iranian loan-words on the basis of János Harmatta's work (Harmattá 1977). 131