Janus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve 46-47 (2001-2002) (Pécs, 2003)

Régészet - Katalin T. Bíró–Zsolt Schléder–Judit Antoni–György Szakmány: Petroarchaeological studies on polished stone artefacts from Baranya county, Hungary II. Zengővárkony: Notes on the production, use and circulation of polished stone tools

T. Biró, Schléder, Antoni and Szakmány: Petroarchaeological studies on polished stone artefacts from Baranya county, Hungary II. 53 data of tools because the database for the length is larger (nearly twice large as database for weight). The diagram shows the following pattern: There are a few, really large-sized axes made dominantly of sedimentary raw material (with size up to 133 mm). Between 58 mm and 133 mm, the igneous rocks dominate. This interval contains the two peaks of igneous rocks. Between 0 mm and 58 mm, the sedimentary rock dominates. Only this interval contains significant amount of metamorphic rocks. The distribution shows strong relation between the raw material and the size of the tools. Further pétrographie studies on the Zengővárkony polished stone tools During the systematic revision of the Zengővárkony lithic material, we have found numerous half-products, spoilt and half-ready stone axe items, raw material blocks and different polishers, similar to the series described from Aszód-Papi földek (BIRÓ 1992). These half-products are considered as indicators of workshop activity near the exploitation site. In the light of the exploitation zone discovered around the Kisújbánya phonolite source the question was raised if the Neolithic stone-wrights of Zengővárkony could be connected with the exploitation of these sources on the strength of the raw material used. The use of phonolite had to be unambiguously proved and, as there exists certain subtle pétrographie differences between the two outcrop regions of phonolite in the Mecsek Mts., i.e. Hosszúhetény-Kövestető and Kisújbánya-Szamárhegy, respectively, we were interested which of them were used according to the evidence of stone tools found on the archaeological sites. In the second series of analysis, half-products for axes from Zengővárkony were investigated. They were selected on the basis of macroscopic identification as phonolite or looking very similar. To specify adequately the rock types, we made pétrographie thin-sections on the items. The thin sections of rock slices of 30 /xm thickness were studied under pétrographie microscope. The sampling procedure was the same as described in SCHLÉDER-BIRÓ 1999. Table 5. Samples investigated by pétrographie microscopy in the second series (Plate I.) Half-products sampled from Zengővárkony Source Inv. Nr. Rock type Zengővárkony JPM N-l/160-1949 phonolite (Szamárhegy type) Zengővárkony JPM N-1/379-1947 phonolite (Szamárhegy type) Zengővárkony JPM N-12/21-1941 phonolite (Szamárhegy type) Zengővárkony JPM N-1/427-1947 basalt Zengővárkony JPM N-l/79-1947 basalt Zengővárkony JPM N-1/405194 7 sandstone In the following sections we give brief description of the rocks encountered: Zengővárkony, JPM N-l/160-1949 Phonolite (Szamárhegy type) Macroscopically, the phonolite has pale brown, brownish grey or grey matrix with large amount of black and white small sized grains (the appearance is like pasta with poppy-seed and sugar). In some cases fluidal texture is visible by naked eye. There is an essential difference between the colour of the fresh broken surface (dark grey) and weathered surface, turning to yellowish grey-ochre shade. Microscopically, the phonolite has porphyritic-holocrystalline texture. The rock consists of lath-shaped or columnar perthitic sanidine (with size of 0.125-0.5 mm), rarely subangular-acicular-columnar shaped plagioclase (0.125 mm), some nepheline among the feldspars, small sized aegirine and rare brown-reddish brown alkaline amphibole with opacitic rim (Plate III/

1-2.). In some cases the alkaline amphibole are rimmed by aegirine. Moreover, there are few zeolite, apatite and opaque minerals in the rock. In the Mecsek Mts. phonolite can be traced in two outcropping regions: in the Kövestető and in the Szamárhegy region. These phonolites are quite same in both macroscopic and microscopic appearance; the main difference between the Szamárhegy and the Kövestető-phonolite is that while the first contains brown amphibole the second is not. The shape of aegirine crystals are also slightly different: the end of aegirine laths has zigzag fabrics in Kövestető tephrite while in the Szamárhegy tephrite the aegirines are well developed crystals. Zengővárkony, JPM N-1/379-1947 Phonolite (Szamárhegy type) The macroscopic and microscopic fabric of the sample is very similar to sample JPM N-l/160-1949. Zengővárkony, JPM N-12/21-1941 Phonolite (Szamárhegy type) The macroscopic and microscopic fabric of the sample is very similar to sample JPM N-l/160-1949. Zengővárkony, JPM N-1/427-1947 Basalt Macroscopically, the basalt has brown, brownish grey or grey colour. Sometimes olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts are visible. Microscopically, the basalt has porphyritic-intergranular, strongly trachytic texture. The mineral composition: olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase, apatite, biotite, opaque mineral. Idiomorphic 0,25 mm large olivines are usually fully turned into green iddingsite or chlorite with slight pleochroism. The pyroxene rarely occurs as 1-1,5 mm large zoned, idiomorphic-hypidiomorphic tabular porphyritic grains. An augitic core is framed by 0,1 mm thick brownish Ti-augitic rim (Plate III/3-4). In most cases, Ti-augitic pyroxene occurs in the groundmass in a size of 0,25 mm. It is usually hypidiomorphic, some-