Janus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve 16 (1971) (Pécs, 1972)

Régészet - Jerem, Erzsébet: Késővaskori sírleletek Beremendről (Baranya megye)

9° JEREM ERZSÉBET b) The typological antecedents of the bronze spiralled girdles, which were attached by a perforated lamellar clasp (Fig. 7. 8-9., PI. II. 6.), are contemporaneous with the „Thraco-kimmer" horizon, as it was prowed by the Bulgarian, Roumanian and Yugoslavian grave goods. The later phase can be indicated by the graves from the V. century В. C. (Beremend, Donja Dolina, Ferigile), in which the rectangular catch-plate Dow fibula could be found together with the girdles.

44-54 3. Jewellery: a) Beads: The various colour and shaped glass paste, bird's eye and melon-shaped beads are the general types of the Iron Age cemeteries, spread in a large area. The amber beads could be found mainly in female graves (the rich ones), the extraordinarily finely wrought masks or animal figures are attached to princely burial places. The so-called amber routes particulary North-South direction - had a great importance in the change of import wares, which is amply confirmed by the common appearance of the products of the amber and the classical cultures. We can consider almost always these beads, which are made of precious metals with a special technique, as import wares both at the Illyrians and Thracians and the Southeast Alpine Hallstatt circle as well.

5666 b) Bracelets: From the two types found in Beremend those ones, which are made of twisted silver wire (Fig. 7. 2-5., PI. II. 3.) are relatively seldom appear even in the area of the Illyrian culture.

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4 4. Weapons: Two iron spears from the sporadic material (Fig. 8. 18-19., PI. V. 1-2.), both forms appear often both the Western and the Eastern Hallstatt culture, because the spear was the most important combat material of the age.

69-70 5. Other grave goods: We emphasize the sceptres from the 2. Grave (Fig. 7. 1., PI. II. 5.) and from the sporadic finds. (Fig. 8. 16-17., PI. IV. 4-5.) They are of Italian origin, they appear at the end of the Period II. in the Este Circle, very often appear in the Period III. We find them always as female grave goods with the spread of the Venetian culture in the Northern and Eastern Alpine region, in Slovenia, and Transdanubia, as well. We already referred to the religious reasons of this fact, it appears among the sacrificial goods of Reitiashrine of Este-Baratela, which particularly stresses the connection between the cult of this Venetian goddess this object.

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2-83 6. Ceramics: A small mug deserves attention, which has a handle ending in animal head. Its antecedents should be found at the Eastern Alpine region, the paralells at Santa Lucia, at the Krajna region, at Donja Dolina and Sanski Most.

84-88 THE DATING OF THE FINDS The significance of the Beremend graves is increased by the fact, that their composition gives a possibility to put them between relatively correct time limits with the help of the Greek import ceramics both from the Illyrian princely finds and the Northern Italian Venetic graves. The one-looped bow fibulae, with rectangular catch-plate are the products of the Balkan silversmith circle, they came to us by exchange ^nd barter. They could be found in Illyrian princely burial places from the end of the VI. century till the turn of the V.-IV. centuries B. C. (Atenica, Novi Pazar, Kacanj, Trebeniste). They could be dated with the help of the Greek import ceramics. The fibulae of the Certosa-type and the sceptres represent the connection to Italy - through the Slovenian area in between. From the rich graves particularly the situlae decorated with figures and the appearing Greek ceramics can help to find their date exactly. Comparing the time limits given by the clues to the West and South, we can put the date of the Beremend findings to the V. century B. C, adding, that the presence of the animal headed, crossbow fibulae of the Certosa type in the sporadic material, gives a possibility that the younger graves of the cemetery extend over the IV. century. (Fig. 11. Chronological table) Those people, who buried their dead at Beremend belong to the Southeast Hallstatt-culture, to an ethnic group, which could be called „Pannon", just as well as the people of the cemetery at Szentlőrinc. Their material culture reflects those effects, which had reached them through their connections with the neighbouring South Illyrian and West Venetic peoples.

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