Janus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve 14-15 (1969-70) (Pécs, 1974)

Régészet - K. Zoffmann, Zs.: Anthropological Analysis of the Cemetery at Zengővárkony and the Neolithical Lengyel Culture in SW-Hungary

ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF LENGYEL CULTURE 55 glabella is always strong in males but rarely in females. The occiput of the dolicho- as well as of the brachycranes is curvoccipital. Facial Skeleton: As it is preserved only in very few cases, we can only guess about its form. The relatively narrow forehead and broad jaws would make it rather rectangular, in the case of the three intact facial skeletons it is broad. The height of the face varies from very low to high and thus their facial indexes are also divided between the lepto- meso- and euryprosope. The height of the upper part of the face is in both sexes mostly low or mediumhigh, euryen. The orbit of the males is high and medium-broad, narrow-medium-narrow — low, that of the females high-medium-broad, narrowlow; the index of the orbit is in males chamaemesoconch, in females mostly hypsiconch. The apertúra piriformis of the males is broad, medium-broad, mainly high, chamaerrhin, that of the females is medium-broad-narrow, ranging from low to high. The frontomandibular index as given by SKERLJ (cit. CHOCHOL 1964) indicates that the facial skeleton of the males is divided evenly between the lepto- and eurymandibular values, whereas in females the eurymandibular form dominates. — Owing to the fragmentary state of the facial skeletons the descriptive characteristics can be stated but rarely: the nasal ridge is protruding, its profile concave-convex; the fossa canina is deep; the position of the faciès malaris is temporal i.e. transitory; the apertúra piriformis is mainly anthropine but all the other variations are equally possible. Anatomic variations The most common anatomic variations are shown in Table 6, in percental distribution according to sex. Apart from the larger and smaller wormian bones in the lambdoid suture, we found but one interparietal bone in our material (286) and Inka bones in two male and two female skulls (102, 238 and 6, 301). Tooth crowding and tooth rotation are frequent, mainly in the lower jaw. On account of the brittleness of the postcranial skeletons the study of eventual anatomic variations on them had to be omitted. Pathology The pathologic study of the anthropologic material of the cemetery of Zengővárkony was made by GY. REGÖLY—MÉREI (1960, 1962) who found the following pathological cases: grave 5: significant spondylotic change in the dorsal section of the vertebral column; grave 13: medium sized spondylotic changes in several sections of the vertebral column; grave 14: significant spondylotic changes in several sections of the vertebral column ; grave 93 : minor spondylotic change in the dorsal section of the vertebral column; grave 104: on the skull, on the left parietal bone, next to the sagittal suture a flat osteoma 8 mm in diameter; grave 125: arthrosis of the mandibular articulation, in consequence of which the capitulum mandibulae on both sides is atrophied; grave 137: arthritic changes on the pelvis and the sacrum; grave 325: sacrum bifidum; grave 337: medium sized spondylotic change in the dorsal section of the vertebral column; grave 341: due to an intercranial tumor the striae of the blood vessels on the internal surface of the skull are widened and deepened; grave 342: medium sized spondylotic changes in several sections of the vertebral column. — The skull from the grave 314 merits particular interest on account of the hole on the left parietal bone, 25x12 mm in diameter. Given its regular shape and the absence of any osteophyte-formatipn, GY. REGÖLY—MÉREI (1960, 1962) attributes it to post-mortem trephining. L. BARTUCZ (1966) on the contrary, reexamining the injury, found on the two ends of the oval hole traces of crushing as well as chippings on the tabula interna round the opening and concluded that the wound was contemporary i.e. inflicted ante-mortem and resulted probably from the blow of a stone-axe. L. BARTUCZ discovered also other bruises on the frontal bone and the left tuber parietale of the same skull which seemingly were caused by blows of a similar weapon. I should like to add to this list a few other pathological cases which escaped attention in the previous study: grave 7: the skull is decidedly scaphocephal (Table X.,) its measurements are shown on Table 9, the skeletal bones have not been preserved; grave 13: a thickening oi the bone on the upper third of the right femur is probably due to inflammation; grave 84: on the squama frontalis an oval thickening may be observed, 42x72 mm in size, extending onto the parietal bones, with a clean-cut limit toward the frontal bone; considering its shape and place it was probably caused by a blow or a cut which only bruised the skull (Table XL); grave 272: the arthritic change of the left mandibular articulation (on the capitulum mandibulae, on the fossa mandibularis and on the tuberculum articulare of the left temporal bone) seems to be the result of the dislocation of the left capitulum mandibulae (Table XL); grave 325: arthritic changes may be observed on the right calcaneus and talus, and in a lesser degree, on the articular surfaces of the tarsal bones; (Table