Pásztor Emília (szerk.): Sámánizmus és természethit régen és ma - Bajai dolgozatok 23. (Baja, 2019)
Peter Toth: Rituális tevékenység Szlovákiában a neolitikum és rézkor idején
Ritual practices in the Neolithic and Eneolithic in Slovakia Anthropomorphic figurines Stand-alone anthropomorphic figurines can be best characterized as ritual artifacts. The main trait of the LBK and the Zeliezovce group idols is that they appear sporadically and from a formal aspect they are quite heterogeneous. Each sculpture is an originalwithoutdirect analogies (Pavlù -Zápotocká 2007, 82). Figurine from Veiké Vozokany (former Nővé Vozokany) represents a woman holding a large vessel. Its head is shaped in the form of a triangle, which connects this statue with those of the Vinca culture (Pavúk 1981, 59). Flat idol from Fig. 3. Flat idol from Dvorniky probably representing a man, dated to the Zeliezovce group (after Paulik 1980, obr. 36). 3. kép. Lapos idol Dvorníkyból, valószinüleg férfit ábrázol. Zseliz csoport (Paulík 1980, obr. 36 nyomán). Human history enters a qualitatively new phase in the Eneolithic (4 300-2 300 BC). The characteristic trait of this period is a coexistence of stone and metal (copper, gold) artifacts. However, the most significant changes are those in society and culture. Male element gained importance in society; gender and age differences emerged. Traction force was introduced into the economy. A pair of cattle or horse pulled a wagon as a new means of transport. Shifting cultivation was applied to agriculture and plow was used. Symbolic systems were oriented towards men, individuality, and the cult of ancestors (e.g., first specialized weapons, ritual warfare, burials under barrows; Neustupnÿ 2008, 11). The primary focus of this chapter is territory defined by modern state border of Slovakia, focusing mainly on the western part of the country and supplemented with the most important finds from eastern Slovakia (fig. 2). Evidence of ritual finds and sacred belief will be evaluated in a broader cultural-historical context. 8 /////////////////////////////^^^
