Külpolitika - A Magyar Külügyi Intézet elméleti-politikai folyóirata - 1988 (15. évfolyam)
1988 / 1. szám - A tanulmáynok orosz és angol nyelvű tartalmi kivonata
of the theoretical groundworks. Further progress depends on the pace of transformation of Soviet society, the economic reform and democratization as well as naturally on the reactions of international partners. Péter Szalay: Geopolitical elements in the American thinking on foreing policy The geopolitical concepts, which were thought time and again to be outmoded in the political public mind of Central Europe, are still present in the global strategic approach of the United States. The conceptions of Mahan, Mackinder and Spykman about the historical rivalry of naval and continental powers and about the primacy of the Heartland or Rimland (a fringe of Eurasia) have found their way into the theory of international relations through the school of „power-centred political realism”. However, the tenets of Anglo- Saxon geopoliticians have not only survived in the scientific domain, but have also been relied upon laying the groundwork for NATO’s system of alliance. Although in the 1960's „political realism” (and, with it, the geopolitical theories following the unidimensional approach to international politics) came to be subjected to crosspressures from the intellectual attacks by the behaviourists and lost its former predominance among the professional „policy makers” of the academic sphere, it has virtually retained its influence, as is also shown by, among others, the activity of Kissinger, who is thinking in terms of power politics and geopolitical approach. In the second part of the 1970’s the global retreat and the shrinking influence of the United States as well as the spatial shifts in the international balance of forces in favour - of the Soviet Union rekindled American interest in geostrategic analyses. On the one hand, the Anglo-Saxon geopolitical conceptions in the crisis period of détente owed their revival to the international environment, which was undoubtedly unfavourable to the United States, and, on the other, they themselves became a contributory factor to the continuing crisis of détente by envisioning a long-term global role of hegemony to be played by the Soviet Union. László J. Kiss: The „Europeanization of Europe” — A slogan or a strategy? Anatomy of a phenomenon The study attemps a critical classification of the polysemantic political concepts of „Europeanization”, which have gained prominence particularly in the 1980’s, and a presentation of the specific features of a Hungarian approach. There is a triple set of closely interlocking criteria that are especially suitable for a systemic arrangement concerning the Scope of „Europeanization” or, more precisely, the geographical confines of Europe in this context. Another related question concerns the substance of the process of „Europeanization” (in terms of ideology, objectives, means, etc.). Finally, an essential point of interest is the structure of „Europeanization” as a process, namely the major political factors and agents in this trend of development as well as the kind of political and security policy structure being pursued as a desirable goal and the meaning of a „Europeanized” Europe. A specifically Western approach, most frequently met with equates Europeanization with the partial Europanization of Europe or rather with the West-. Europeanization of Europe, including Eastern Europe. It is a peculiar concept of partial Europeanization which puts _ the focus of Europeanization on the controversial notion of Central Europe (Mitteleuropa) partly as a geographical, cultural and historical notion, partly as an „ideology” aimed at a revision of blocks and suggestive of a misleading possibility of a „third road”. Thus equated with Central Europeanization, Europeanization means stealing back the historical German question and hence is likely to query the central role of the FRG in the structure of Western integration or to conjure up XI
