Külpolitika - A Magyar Külügyi Intézet elméleti-politikai folyóirata - 1978 (5. évfolyam)

1978 / 3. szám - KÖNYVEKRŐL - Biondi, Jean-Pierre: A harmadik szocializmus. Esszé a szocializmusról és a "harmadik világról"

mic reasons. Foreign trade factors include a growth in imports-dependence regarding fuel, raw materials and food, as well as large-scale relative specialization of exports. Such aspects significantly influenced Japanese foreign trade in the seventies as well.

In spite of slowed down growth Japan is continuing to increase her weight in world production and trade, and in the exports of technology and capital. The country deserves lively attention no longer merely as an example of fast economic growth, but also because of its influence within the world economy.

József Szász* ■'

The Canadian dilemmas of the U. S.

Economic, political and military contacts between the U. S. and Canada are sufficiently close to justify one speaking about a special relationship. In the U. S. however, starting with the seventies, the way things shape has been observed with increasing anxiety. The stressing of Canadian national identity, economic nationalism and the manifestation of economic diversification, a certain limitation on foreign investment, and divergent views on some international questions all go to feed this anxiety.

Problems of cooperation in defence have a particular weight. The need for close defence cooperation is not disputed in Canada, the U. S. however, referring to the joint defence of North America, is calling for a greater contribution on Canada’s part. Canada, because of economic difficulties, only spends 2 per cfent of national income on defence, the least of any major NATO country.

Canada’s domestic problem, that is Quebec separatism, is a heavy burden on U. S. — Canadian relations, in the first place because of the defence and security aspects.

Some Americans have argued that if Quebec seceded from Canada and left NATO the northern flank of North-American defences would be wide open.

Efforts towards political and economic independence in the seventies have not as yet altered Canadian economic dependence on the U. S., it is . of political importance, however, that, as a result, Canada has extended contacts with the countries of western Europe, Japan, and the socialist countries as well. '

György Haraszti:

Certain timely questions of space law

Since outer space research started twenty years ago much has been added to international law.

Following UN General Assembly resolutions a basic agreement was reached in 1967 which regulates the research and exploitation of outer space. Technological progress damands the concrete regulation of new aspects in harmony with the basic agreement. Agreement has been reached on the rescue and repatriation of space travellers, and the return of objects launched into outer space, as well as on responsibility for damage done by such objects, and the recording of spacecraft. The article deals with four further questions that await regulation, with different related points of view, and the results and problems of codification. These are: the delimitation of air-space and outer-space, the definition of the legal status of the moon and other heavenly bodies, direct television broadcasts and remote sensing from space. The first is lent special importance by artificial satellites on a geostationary course, and the second by its connection with the status of the ocean floor. Direct television broadcasts and remote sensing are closely connected with the sovereignty of states and the most basic principles and norms of international law. Thanks to the elastic attitude of the socialist countries, and their readiness to take the initiative, the outlines of a consensus are taking shape as divergent views are compared and coordinated, chiefly within the UN and its agencies.

Endre Us tor:

The consular agreements of Hungary and equal treatment

The need for equal treatment applies to many aspects of international law. The present article looks at this principle as it applies to consular relations, in the first place in the light of Hungary’s consular relations and the international agreements that regulate them.

Consulates are barely a hundred years old in Hungary. Agreements between 1867 and 1945 generally recorded the most favoured treatment principle designed to ensure equal treatment. The author quotes from agreements to show what the principle and its concrete implementation meant in the establishment of consulates, consular exemptions, privileges and functions. He gives examples of advantages that go beyond this, bilateral conditions, unequal treaties, and clauses that amend the most favoured treatment principle in various ways.

After 1945 consulates no longer handled foreign trade, and consular agreements no longer specify most favoured nation treatment, be they with socialist or capitalist countries. In the course of describing the logic of present agreements negotiating practice, the author details the types of mutuality by consular agreements.

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