Hidrológiai Közlöny 1968 (48. évfolyam)

3. szám - Dr. Szalai György: Vizsgálatok az esőszerű öntözés adagolási elemeinek meghatározására lejtős területeken

106 Hidrológiai Közlöny 1968. 3. sz. Szalai Gy.: Az esőszerű öntözés adagolási elemei [8] Osborn, B.: Hogyan erodálja az eső ós az elfolyó víz a talajt? (How rainfall and runoff erode soil?) Yearbook of Agriculture. Washington. 1955. Cikkgyűjtemény. [9] Palotás L.: Mérnöki Kézikönyv. IV. k. Műszaki Kiadó, Budapest, 1961. [10] Perrot: Handbuch der Beregnungsteehnik. 2. Auflage. I'errot- Regnerbau Gmbh. Calw/Württ. [11] Pusics, B.: Az erózió tényezői és mennyiségi befolyások a talajelhordásra. 112] Varga S.: Talajkimélő esőszerű öntözés. Hidrológiai Közlöny. 1962. 5. [13] Varga S.: Az esőcsepp energiájának mérése. MTA A r/rártudományok Osztálya Közi. XIII. k. 1—2. sz. 1965. " ; [14] Varga S.: Az esőszerű öntözés kinetikus hatását mérő műszer. Agrártud. Egyetem Mezőgazdaságtudományi Kar Közleményei, 1963. HccjieaoBaHHfl AJIH onpeAejieHHH ajiemeHTOB no/iáin AowaeBajibHbix opouieHHü Ha HaKnoHHbix TeppMTopwHx JJ-p Canau, JJ. fljiíi ;u>>K,neBajibHoro opoiiiemifl, npoBC/ieHnoro na HaK.noHHbix TeppHTopiiHx HY>KHO onpeaeJiiiTb re npeaejibHbie 3HaneHHH no,naqii, npn noMomn KOTopux npn pa3Hbix ycjioBHHX (nepe.MeHHbie YCJIOBHJI noBepxHoc™, noKpuToCTH, nOHBCHUbie yCJlOBHÍI H COCTOÍIHIie nOMBbl) MO»<HO ocymecTBJiíiTb KanecTBenHoe opouiemie Ce3 TOIO, MTO Ha 3TUX — no/yiewainiix 3po3mo, BCJieACTBHe ocaaKOB —TeppuTopHjix npnquHHJiii flajibHeíímiiii yHoc noqBbi. 3arpaHHHHbie pe3yjibTaTbi, CBíisaHHbie c STHM Bonpoco.M, KaK H B flpyrnx, aHajioniiHbix Bonpocax, MoryT GbiTb npHHHTbi TOJibKO HH(j)opMaTHBHbiMH. HenocpeacTBeHHO npHMeHHeMbie 3HaieHHH MoryT GbiTb nojiyqeHbi jiniijb uiiipoKHMii, 0Te

iiecTBeHHbiMH onbnaMH. IlpoBeAeHHbie HaMii H3MepeHHH — ecjm «a>Ke OHH He MoryT CMHTaTbCH OKOHqaTejlbHbIMII flaiOT TOJibKO IIH<))OpMaaHIO OTHOCHTejlbHO 3THX npeAejlbHblX 3HaneHHH. H3 iiojiyieHHbix pe3yjibTaT0B MO>KHO BbiBecTii cjieflyiomiie: 1. Ha HaKJiOHHbix yqacTi<ax, ecjm ymioH öojibiue 5% H He noi<pbiBaioTCH paccTeHiiíiMii, Hejib3a npefljiaraTb opoUieHHe C HHTeHCHBHOCTblO OOJlbllie 10 12 MM/Mac, a uejiecooGpa3H() ocTaTbca Hiiwe 3HaqeHHH 10 MM/qac. 2. I-lHTeHCHBHOCTb opoiueHHji, HaiHHaH C BTOpOrO opomeHHH Hy>KH0 YMEHBIUATB —8 MM/qac. 3TO npaKTiiqecKH 03HaMaeT, HTO Haca^KH HY>KHO oCHamaTb conjiaMii c flHaMeTpo.w, na o^Hy BejinqnHy MeHbuie. 3. rycTbix naca>KfleiiHii h K0pM0Bbix KyjibTyp IIHTeHCHBHOCTb flO>Kfl5I MOJKHO IIOBblCHTb flO 14—15 MM/qac. 4. FLJIM nponaiuHbix KyjibTyp B TÓM cjiyqae, ecjin B BereTaunoHHOM nepiiofle pbixjiemie noqBbi He np0H3B0flHTCH (yHHiToweHHe COPHHKOB xHMHKaTaMH) npefljiaraeMoe 3HaqeHHe HHTCHCHBHOCTH (Ha CKJiOHaxcyKJiOHOMÖ—12%) 8 MM/qac, B npoTHBHOM >Ke cjiyqae IIHTeHCHBHOCTb MO>KHO noBbiciiTb no 3HaqeHHH 10—12 MM/qac. 5. B BHHOrpa,T,HIIKaX npM MaiHHHHOM AO>KfleBaHHH uejrec006pa3H0 0CTaBaTbCíi HHwe HopMbi 6 MM/qac. ECJIH IIHTeHCHBHOCTb Sojibiue, qeM yKa3aHnoe SHaqeHHe, TO Ha ynjioTHeHHbix nojiocax CKopo HaqHHaeTCH spo3Hji. 6. ECJIH Bceraa npeAycMaTpiiBaeTCH HHTeHCHBH0CTb HHM<e yi<a3aHiibix npeflenoB, TO pa3Mep apo3HH OCTAETCA HH>Ke /;onyineHHoro. 7. Ha opouieHHbix CKJiOHax Hy>KH0 oGpaTHTb BHHMaHiie Ha pe3yjibTaTbi 3aii(HTbi noqBbi, ocyiuecTBJieHHoií arpOTeXHHqeCKHMII MeTO/taMII, H3 KOTOpbIX Hy>KH0 BblflejIHTb rjiyöoKyio nauiHH), npoBeaeHHyio Ha nponauiHbix qeKax. 06 oqeHb 6JIARONPNHTHOM BJIHJIHHH noc/ieflHero ann BOjlonponycKaiomyio cii0C0§H0CTb HecKOJibKO pa3 «aJiH OTqeT H B BeHrepcKoií cneLiHajibHoií jiHTepaType. CBH3b HaqaJia CTOIO c BnawHocTbio noqBbi MOJKÍT öbiTb npeflMeTOM AajibHeHiimx HccjieAOBaHiiii. B pememiH npoöjieMbi Morjia ObiTb 3HaqHTejibHbiM maroM BO3MO>KHOCTb 3r3aKTHoro H3MepeiiHH coaepwamiíi 3Hepnm ocaflKOB. Studies on the rales of applicalion in the case of sprinkler irrigalion on sloping lands hy Dr. Szalai, Gy. In sprinkling irrigation praetised on sloping terrain, limit amounts of applieation must be determined below which successful irrigation is possiblo under different eonditions (variable slope, cover, soil conditions, etc.), without contributing to erosion in siinilar areas exposed to rainfall erosion. In this, as well as in similar questions foreign researeh results can be adopted with eritieism and for informative purposes only. Results of direct ajjplicability can be obtained by extensive domestic experiments only. Experimentál observations — though only temporary — provided information on these limit rates of applieation. Results permitted the follovving conclusions to be drawn: 1. On slopes steeper than 5%, if unproteeted by vegetation, irrigation rates in excess of 10—12 mm/ hour are not reeommended and should preferably remain below 10 mm/hour. 2. Starting with the second water applieation, the rate of irrigation should be reduced to 6—8 mm/ hour. In practice this is realized by exchanging the jets in the sprinkler heads for such of smaller bore. 3. When irrigating dense growths of forage, the rate may be raised to 14—15 mm/hour. 4. When irrigating truck erops on lands sloping at 5—12% and omitting loosening of the soil during the growing season (herbicides) the maximum reeommended rate of applieation is 8 mm/hour, in other cases it may be raised to 10—12 mm/hour. 5. In vineyards with eontinuous mechanieal spraying the rate should remain below 6 mm/hour. At higher rates erosion is soon started over the strips compacted by the machines. 6. Observing the above limit rates no impermissible irrigation erosion will result. 7. On irrigated slopes inereased attention should be devoted to soil conservation by cultivation methods. Of these deep ploughing approximately along the contour lines was found especially successful on test pareels and favourable influence on effectivc permeability was repeatedly reported in the Hungárián literature. The relationship between initial-runoff and soil moisture should be investigated by further studies. Most significant in this respect and for the interpretation of observations would be the possibility for accurately measuring the energy content of rain drops. The extension of observations and measurements to other soil types, together with an inereased number of measurements woidd permit a more generál interpretation of results.