A Hajdú-Bihar Megyei Levéltár évkönyve 3. 1976 (Debrecen, 1976)
Tanulmányok - Balogh István: Adatok az alföldi mezővárosok határhasználatához a XIV-XV. században
Some research workers (Mr László Makkai, Miss Vera Bácskai) suppose, that in these vinegrowing and stock-breeding market towns the use of outskirts was not unified, since part of the land belonged to the community, other parts were in private hand. This private proprietorship and utilization could have been the antecedents of the 19th century bourgeois ownership and could have appeared in some market towns in the 14th century, in the rest in the 15th century. The vineyards and stock-keeping granges, farms with pastures were not only used but owned by the tenants, who had the right to bequeth or sell them as well. This opinion supposes that the use of outskirts, at least concerning vine-growing and stock-breeding, broke through the feudal legal barriers of proprietorship. The author drew his point from the documents of the 14th—15 th century Debrecen, a stock- breeding market town; and states that the town owned some 1,700 hectares at the beginning of the 14th century, and by the end of the 15th century it grew to 48,000 hectares. Debrecen in these centuries used to be the centre of an estate owned by successive landlords, who had their castle there, and allotted the town an autonomy of jurisdiction and different charters. The developing market town was surrendered by a number of small villages with church in the 13th and 14th centuries. These villages then, at the turn of the 14th century became deserted. The estate, however, possessed properties (woods) in the immediate surroundings of the market town, where there had never been population. The citizens of town got hold of three properties of about 5,000 hectares, partly on their own, partly together with the landlord. They were also given the right by the landlord to utilize the land of sixteen other settlements still inhabited in the 17th century. In two cases they even determined the way of utilization. In the 15 th century the territory used by market town citizens was—including their former properties as well—of the following distribution: wood approx. 5,500 hectares arable land approx. 18,000 hectares pasture approx. 17,000 hectares The rest was used as pasture or arable land alternatively. Both the charters and the debates between the citizens of the estate and the market town prove, that the landlord enjoyed unvaried rights in his possession of purchased and bestowed properties, sometimes he himself, sometimes with the help of town community deciding how to utilize the land. Woods and pastures were never possessed and used by individual citizens in the 15th century. The landlord attached to his castle in town a separate pasture (Urréte) in the 15th century, besides this gave a charter to two privately owned properties, and the market town community decided their use, just like in the case of ordinary citizens. In the 16th century Debrecen acquired royal deeds of gift for her properties gained during the previous two hundred years, and these deeds secured full feudal proprietorship for the town com- munitiy. The citizens themselves owned only their house and vineyard privately. Following the legal custom of the 16th century the community controlled the use of surrounding woods, pastures, arable lands, rivers and decided how to use them. In the case of Debrecen we cannot prove the hypothesis that citizens could have got hold of properties outside the town’s original medieval territory of arable lands, pastures or woods lent by the landlords in the 14th-15th centuries. They did not have the right to do it even if the town communitiy acquired the feudal proprietorship of these lands. Материалы no использованию угодий в сельских городах венгерской низменности в период XIV—XV столетий Иштван Балог Данное научное исследование желает служить материалом для одного из спорных вопросов, относящегося к среднему веку венгерской общественной и экономической истории. Согласно самым новым исследованиям, основой экономической жизни сельского города, одного из типов средневековых венгерских городов, было сельскохозяйственное производство, состоящие из двух главных отраслей, таких как виноградарство и разведение скота. Эти два направления производственной деятельности жители сельского города развивали на сообст- венной территории города, а также в районе отдельно относящем отстоновной территории города: в виноградниках или на пастбищах. Община сельского города на своей территории практиковала общинное владение землей, это означало, что для членов общины сельского города среди местных меняющихся уставов в полной мере было гарантировано право собственности на пользование пашнями, пастбищами, лугами, лесами и водными владениями для рыболовства. Некоторые исследователи (Ласло Маккаи и Вера Бачкаи) предполагают, что не было единой системы по использованию угодий сельских городов, которые занимались возделыванием винограда и скотоводством, так 22
