Szabó János szerk.: Fragmenta Mineralogica Et Palaentologica 21. 2003. (Budapest, 2003)

Beside these main ontogentic and phylogeneric regularities several more connections and relationships have been revealed by studies discussed in this paper. The more important ones are the following. — In every lineage, the evolution resulted in two kinds of components, namely: progressive and regressive elements. Progressive elements are: more and more compact spire, larger chambers, increase in the diameter of the shell and the megasphere, thickening of the marginal lath, increase in the number of septa, complication of the suture line, appearance of granulation. Regressive elements are: loosening of the spire, increase in chamber height, decrease in the diameter of the shell and of the megasphere, and degeneration phenomena. The ratio of progressive and regressive elements defines the direction, nature and rate of evolution. The progressive elements are dominating in the cases of N. perforatus, N. brongniarti and N. millecaput. They are characterized by big, even gigantic size (up to 80—100 mm), hundreds, in extreme cases thousands of chambers, and three-sectoral spire. With time, these features become overdeveloped. This, along with degeneration phenomena, resulted in parakme during the Bartonian, terminating with the extinction of the species. None of them passed the Middle/Late Eocene boundary. — The appearing new taxa evolve mainly by divergence, not by anagenesis. This means that an evolutionarily "plastic" (mosdy very variable) species bears in itself the general evolutionary trend of features, and new taxa are produced by the factors of evolution (spreading, shift, isolation, selection etc.). 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