Vörös A. szerk.: Fragmenta Mineralogica Et Palaentologica 11. 1983. (Budapest, 1983)

The differences appear chiefly in the proportions length/width of diaphysis. C. spinus is medium-sized, C. flammea being the smallest one. The proportions of C. flavirostris equal the ones of C. carduelis (see measurements). The differences between Fringilla coelebs and montifringilla are manifested similarly in their proportions: Fr. coelebs being proximally narrower and distally broader, Fr

. montifringilla on the contrary (see measurements). The same is the case in the two species of Passer

, montanus being proximally broader, domesticus narrower (see measurements). By far the largest among the Fringillidae discussed in this paper is Pinicola enuc leator

. For differences in the corresponding bone of this species in contrast with the ones of the similar-sized and morphologically close Turdus

, Sturnus and Monticola, see the characterisation of the corresponding genera. Measurements of the humeri of some Fringillidae (group 2. ) length width of diaphysis proximal distal width Carduelis carduelis (n=7) 15. 9-16. 6 1. 5-1. 7 5. 6-6. 1 4. 4-4. 8 C.cannabina (n=4) 16.4-17.2 1. 6-1. 8 5. 6-6. 0 4.4-4.8 C. flavirostris 16.2 1. 6 C. spinus (n=2) 14. 0 1. 4-1. 5 5. 0 3.8-4.2 C. flammea 13. 6 1. 4 5. 0 4.2 Emberiza calandra 24. 6 2. 3 7. 6 5. 5 E. citrinella 21. 0 2. 0 6. 6 4. 6 E. hortulana 20. 0 1. 9 6. 7 4. 6 E. cia 19.2 1.8 6. 2 5. 1 E.cirlus 19. 2 1. 8 6. 2 4.8 E. schoeniclus (n=4) 18.0-19. 6 1. 5-1. 7 5. 3-6. 0 4. 3-4.6 Fringilla montifringilla 18.2 1. 8 6. 8 5.0 Fr, coelebs 18. 7 1. 7 6. 3 5. 3 Passer montanus 17. 5 1. 6 6. 5 4. 5 Passer domesticus (n=10) 18. 2-19. 7 1.6-2.0 6. 0-6. 4 4. 2-5. 0 Pinicola enucleator 25. 0 2. 4 8. 6 7.4 Sturnidae (Plate I, Fig. 6; Plate VIII, Fig • 1) In the humerus of the two Central European species (sometimes reckoned with as two different genera): in Sturnus vulgaris and Sturnus roseus

, are characteristic the two deep, absolutely separated fossae in their proximal epiphysis [systematical key No. 23 (24)J. The whole bone is proximally and distally narrower than the one of the morphologically-metrically close Monticola, Pinicola or various Turdus species. Caput humeri relatively high, medial bar stronger than in related species (viz. genera), crista pectoralis short, processus supracondyloideus dorsalis relatively high. The difference between the two forms of Central Europe is, - as usual - to be found in the proportions of the bone: in St. roseus being proximally narrower, in St. vulgaris broader. PLATE X. Fig. 1. Tichodroma muraria - Fig. 2. Sitta europaea - Fig. 3. Certhia brachydactyla - Fig. 4. Panurus biarmicus - Fig. 5. Troglodytes troglodytes - Fig, 6. Regulus regulus - Fig. 7. Tichodroma muraria - Fig. 8. Sitta europaea - Fig. 9. Regulus regulus - Fig. 10. Panurus biarmicus (Fig. 1-6: medial (caudal) view; Fig. 7-8: foreshortened view from the vetralo-distal side of the medial (caudal) surface of the proximal epiphysis: Fig. 9-10: foreshortened view of the medial (caudal) surface of the proximal epiphysis)