Folia archeologica 27.

István Fodor: Az uráli és finnugor őshaza kérdése (Régészeti áttekintés)

THE URALIAN AND FINNO-UGRIAN ORIGINAL ПОМЕ 163 Matyushin.

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:') The creators of the Neolithic culture, beginning about 4000 В. C., were, accordingly, the Uralians, having migrated previously here; at this time they occupied only the zone east of the Ural. Somewhat before 3500 В. C., according to Chernetsov, a significant part of the Uralian population migrated, covering huge distances, eastwards to the Ob - Yenisey - Angara region and westwards, through the Pechora valley, the region of Lake Onega and Karelia as far as northern Norway. He takes the population groups, moved to the East, for ProtoSamoyeds having lived between the Irtis and Yenisey, reps, for the akin Yukagirs, placed about the lower section of the Yenisey, while he regards those having migrated westwards as the ancestors of the Lapps.

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4 During the third millennium В. C. in the northern zone, stretching from the Angara to Norway, a culture producing a roughly homogeneous tool assemblage (microliths) and ornamental motifs (comb-marked pottery decorations, zoomorphic carvings) came into being. The kinship of the populations living on this area is proved furthermore by the similarities of rock engravings, found in Norway, in the Ural and the Angara region,

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5 sledge runners, made of Siberian pine (Pinus cembra), coming from Finnish and Swedish peat bogs, of the same type as those found in Uralian peat bogs;

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0 drinking bowls (ladles, spoons) with zoomorphic carvings,

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7 furthermore the Neolithic comb-marked pottery of the so-called Sperrings type, found in the Baltic,

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8 similar to the Uralian comb-marked pottery.

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9 These migrations of huge dimensions, accomplished by Uralian reindeer-huning groups, are brought in connection by Chernetsov with the appearance of skis and sledges in the fourth millennium B. C.'

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0 In the peat bog, called Vis I, of the Vichegda valley, there were skis, sledges, arrows and other wooden objects uncovered, to be dated to the Mesolithic Age, to the seventh resp. sixth millennium B. C.

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l These finds allow the hypothesis that these objects were known also among the Uralians earlier than the fourth millennium В. C. s

:' Matjuiin

, G. N., Mezoliticeskie pamjatniki vysokogornyh rajonov Juznogo Urala. In: Problemy arheologii Urala i Sibiri. In honour of V. N. Cernecov. (Moskva 1973) 44, 55. 8

1 Cernecov, V. N., On the problem . . . 264-265.; Id., Opyt vydelenija . . . 116-119.; Id., Etnokul'turnye arealy v lesnoj i subarkticeskoj zonah Evrazii v epohu neolita. In: Problemy arheologii Urala i Sibiri. 12-14.; Id., Naskal'nye izobrazenija Urala. II. 111-114.; Cf. Veres, P., Népr. Ért. 54(1972)38-39. 1,

5 Cernecov, N. N., Naskal'nye izobrazenija Urala. II. 95-106.; Id., Naskal'nye izobrazenija ural'skogo areala. In: Problemy arheologii i drevnej istorii ugrov. (Moskva 1972) 32-55. 8(

i Sire/ins, U. T., Über Art und Zeit der Zähmung des Renntiers. JSFOu 33(1916-20): 2. 16-17.; E/ibo, V., Das Alter von Schlittenkufen mit Mittelrille. Über Beziehungen zwischen Finnland und dem südlichen Ural in der Steinzeit. (Summ.) SM 57(1950) 5-23. 8

7 Ailio,]., Zwei Tierskulpturen. SM Y A 26(1912) 262-266., Fig. 6.; Eitropaeus, A., Neue Funde steinzeitlicher Kunst. (Summ.) SM 36(1929) 82-88., Fig. 2. - In a group typologically identical is to be classed the spoon of Kittilä, made of firwood (Pinus silvestris) and decorated with a carved elk's head: Kivikoski, E., Der Élchkopflöffel von Kittilä. (Summ.) SM 42(1935) 8-10., Figs. 1-3. 1,

8 Jaani/s, L. ]., К voprosu . . . 151.; Pankrnsev, G. A., Plemena Kareiii v epohu neolita i rannego metalla. (Moskva-Leningrad 1964) 25-26, 96. 8

9 See notes 84-85. 9

0 Cernecov, V. N., On the problem . . . 263. 9

1 Burov, G. M., op. cit. 67-68.; Bader, O. N., О drevnejsih fïnno-ugrah na Urale i drevnih finnah mezdu Uralom i Baltikoj. In: Problemy arheologii drevnej istorii ugrov. (Moskva 1972) 14-15. il