Az Eszterházy Károly Tanárképző Főiskola Tudományos Közleményei. 2002. Vol. 3. Eger Journal of English Studies.(Acta Academiae Paedagogicae Agriensis : Nova series ; Tom. 29)
Csaba Ceglédi: On the Constituent Structure of Infinitives and Gerunds in English
86 CSABA CZEGLÉDI the adverb by himself is predicated of this NP, since David does not ccommand by himself Similarly, nude is predicated ('via PRO') of David, the controller NP for PRO in (33), once again because David does not ccommand nude: (33) [PRO eating the meat nude] made David famous. Summarizing, a c-commanding condition on predication, if correct, provides evidence that "subjectless" English infinitives and gerunds have phonetically null subjects, therefore they are sentences. 2.11 Bound Anaphora A further argument that supports the hypothesis that both infinitives and gerunds are sentences in English derives from considerations of the binding relation that holds between anaphors and their antecedents. These considerations again directly show that infinitives and gerunds have subjects, and that therefore they are sentences. Assuming Chomsky's (1981) principles of Binding Theory, Köster and May (1982) show that phonetically unrealized subjects must be postulated in the syntactic representation of "subjectless" infinitives and gerunds, otherwise many infinitives and gerunds that contain reflexive pronouns (i.e., anaphors) will be incorrectly ruled out as ungrammatical on the grounds that they violate Principle A of Binding Theory. Given that binding is a coreference relation between an anaphor (a reflexive or a reciprocal) and a coindexed antecedent that c-commands it, it must satisfy the following conditions: (34) Binding Theory a. Anaphors must be bound in their governing category. b. Pronouns must be free in their governing category. c. All other NP's must be free in all governing categories. 3 The principles of Binding Theory are given in the form in which they appear in Köster and May 1982. For alternative formulations see, e.g., Chomsky 1981, 1982, and Haegeman 1991.
