Az Eszterházy Károly Tanárképző Főiskola Tudományos Közleményei. 2002. Vol. 3. Eger Journal of English Studies.(Acta Academiae Paedagogicae Agriensis : Nova series ; Tom. 29)
Csaba Ceglédi: On the Constituent Structure of Infinitives and Gerunds in English
84 CSABA CZEGLÉDI the respective examples is evidence that the infinitives that follow them are sentences. Furthermore, because of the parallelism in structure between the (a) and (b) examples in (25) and (26), the same observations count as evidence that the infinitives in the (b) examples are also sentences. 2.9 Subject-Oriented Adverbs in Object-Control Structures An argument similar to the one constructed from the presence of complementizers in the preceding section can be constructed from the presence of subjects. If embedded sentences are assumed to have the structure (27) [cp [ip NP IN FL VP]] then the presence of subjects in infinitives and gerunds can be taken as evidence that they are embedded sentences. Köster and May (1982:136) observe that certain adverbs, such as intentionally and carefully, are regularly interpreted as predicated of the subject of the sentence in which they occur. This is the case in (28) John married Mary intentionally. But in examples like the following the property expressed by the adverb is understood as predicated of the surface object NP. (29) a. John forced Bill to hit Harry intentionally, b. I persuaded Bill to carefully cut the cake. The only way to accommodate these facts in the VP hypothesis is to formulate some (ad hoc) rule that says that such subject-oriented adverbs express properties predicated of the subject except after verbs like force, persuade, ask, etc. This amounts to saying that such adverbs are sometimes subject-oriented and sometimes object-oriented, the consequence of which is that an otherwise interesting empirical generalizations is lost. This apparent irregularity is easily explained, however, if these examples are assumed to have the following structures: (30) a. John forced Bill, [PRO 2 to hit Harry intentionally].
