Az Eszterházy Károly Tanárképző Főiskola Tudományos Közleményei. 2002. Vol. 3. Eger Journal of English Studies.(Acta Academiae Paedagogicae Agriensis : Nova series ; Tom. 29)

Csaba Ceglédi: On the Constituent Structure of Infinitives and Gerunds in English

102 CSABA CZEGLÉDI b. 'Liz left before the time which you said she had left at' The ambiguity is accounted for if (77) contains Op (a phonologically null when), which may move from either the said-clause. or the one embedded in it, yielding the two different representations in (79), which correspond to the interpretations in (78): (79) a. Liz left [

P

P before [

c

p Op, [

I

P you said [

C

P she had] /,]]] b. Liz left [p

p before [

C

P Op

} [

1

P you said [

C

P she had /,]]]] On the simplest assumption, gerunds introduced by temporal prepositions have the same structure:

6 (80) Liz left [after [

C

P Op, [PRO saying [she wouldn't] /,]]] On Johnson's account, phonetically overt subjects of gerunds are Case-marked (and governed) by some X0 category outside the gerund. Consider, for example, (81a), which has the structure in (81b): (81) a. I remember him telling the story. b. I- remember [

]

P him telling the story] In (81b) remember governs (and Case-marks) the embedded subject across IP. The null subject of gerunds, on the other hand, is protected from government by a verb or preposition in the matrix clause thus: (82) I remember [

C

P [

I

P PRO telling the story]] The matrix verb in (82) is prevented (by CP) from governing the subject inside IP, so PRO may occur. On Johnson's account, then, gerunds with overt subjects are bare IPs, and gerunds with phonetically null subjects are CPs. Whichever account is assumed (Reuland's or 6 Such temporal gerunds do not display the scope ambiguity we saw in the finite clauses, and, second, they may not contain overt subjects, as the examples below show, but these observations are irrelevant to the point being made about their internal structure: (i) *Liz left [after [

C

P Op, [PRO saying [she wouldn't /,]]]] (ii) *Liz left after him saying that she wouldn't.