Az Eszterházy Károly Tanárképző Főiskola Tudományos Közleményei. 2002. Vol. 8. Eger Journal of American Studies.(Acta Academiae Paedagogicae Agriensis : Nova series ; Tom. 28)

Studies - András Tarnóc: Violence as Cultural Projection: The Sociological, Psychological, and Epistemological Implications of the Jamestown Massacre

goal directed effort" to change social institutions from the outside. Whereas the existence of a definite social structure is debatable, the intensity of the organization of the Indians in fact corresponds to an indigenous social movement reaching the white level stage of the mobilization process (Lofland 1979) demonstrating that all members of the organization are fully dedicated to the movement and the resources and the number of members expand dramatically (Brinkerhoff-Whte 568). Also Opechancanaugh's organizing efforts can be labeled as micro-mobilization, a process in which frame alignment takes place during which the prospective members of the movement "are convinced that their interests, values, and beliefs are complementary to those of the social movement organization" (Brinkerhoff-White 568). Moreover, within the frame alignment process, frame amplification can be discerned during which a structure is given to previously unfocused dissatisfaction (Snow et al qtd. in Brinkerhoff-White 569) singling out the settlers as the cause of the Indians' suffering. Treating the attack as an early form of terrorism, several theories or models are at the researcher's disposal. There are two basic categories within this approach, precipitants, or events that led to the outbreak of violence and preconditions, or factors that allow the participants to start the terrorist action and violence. The death of Nemmattanow, or Jack the Feathers would serve as the precipitant and the cultural deterritorialization of the Indians, the white encroachment on Native American land and the religious expansionism of the English serve as the main preconditions. According to Chalmers Johnson (1978) and Martha Crenshaw (1981) the preconditions can be further subdivided into permissive factors promoting the terrorist action or making it the only attractive option, and direct situational factors that function as the main motivators for violence. The permissive factors include such components as transportation systems, weapon availability, communication capabilities and lack of security measures. (Hudson http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/frd/) In case of the Jamestown Massacre the Indians took advantage of the rudimentary transportation capabilities of the settlers by borrowing their boats, they had a limited weapon availability manifested by the usage of tools and utensils in the perpetration of the violent acts and demonstrated excellent commun252