Armuth Miklós - Lőrinczi Zsuzsa (szerk.): A Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi Egyetem Történeti Campusa (Budapest, 2023)
Az európai egyetemek története - The History of European Universities Kalmár Miklós
THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN UNIVERSITIES Education and training has evolved along with the history of mankind's faculty for reason. Simultaneously with high-level universal training, a variety of schools and academies were established with distinguishing features typical of their geographical region. The prototype of institutions of both science and education was Plato's Academy. Elsewhere and in various formats, similar institutions existed in ancient China and India, but the system of universities only evolved in Europe in its full complexity at a later date. The first universities of law, medicine and theology were those of Bologna and Paris founded in the 11 th—13th centuries. The system of education, however, soon evolved into a multi-level one. On the one hand, it was the educational lifestyle of monastic orders, on the other hand the regular in-service training of urban trade guilds, the Sunday schools that provided the framework for education. Universities offering a higher level of knowledge excelled as opposed to the general system of education. These early institutions of education were associated with sacred sites in Southern Europe as well as urban plazas and churches. In northern countries roofed and heatable rooms were used for the purposes of education. The first universities were founded in Italy (Bologna 1088, Salerno 11th century, Parma 1117, Modena 1175, Padova 1222, Naples 1224), then in England (Oxford cca. 1170, Cambridge cca. 1210 and Durham in the 13th century), then in France (Toulouse 1229, Paris 1253) and the Iberian Peninsule (Salamanca 1218, Sevilla 1254). Later on a new building type evolved around a central courtyard surrounded by arcaded corridors and sequences of coordinated rooms suited to accommodate large audiences and residential quarters. This typology was represented by the Bologna-based Collegio di Spagna (1365-1367) and the New College (1380) in Oxford too. Organised around a courtyard, the multi-level cell-like rooms were also completed by a chapel and large halls. The cities of Aberdeen, Glasgow, St. Andrews and Edinburgh in Scotland feature universities established in the 15th—16th centuries. In the mid -14th century the first higher educational institute was founded in Prague (1348), then in Cracow (1364), and just one year later in Vienna (1365) as well. The first university of Hungary was in Pécs, founded in 1367. PIRANESI IDEÁLTERVÉNEK ALAPRAJZA, 1750 GROUND FLOOR PLAN, PIRANESI'S IDEAL DESIGN, 1750
