Armuth Miklós - Lőrinczi Zsuzsa (szerk.): A Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi Egyetem Történeti Campusa (Budapest, 2023)
Az európai egyetemek története - The History of European Universities Kalmár Miklós
1 8 Ifi Ifi O ez 3 LU Kolozsvár prided itself on especially intensive scientific life, as in the 1870s it had both a medical-surgical school and royal academy of law. Higher education in Kolozsvár at the turn of the century focussed on the Franz Joseph University (1872-1945), the Unitarian College founded in 1566 and the Academy of Economics (1869-1914). Training at the university started in 1872 with faculties of law, medicine, arts and science. The building of the institution was originally built after designs by Ferenc Kolbenheyer in Mikó Garden. The building formerly housing the chemistry institution (1882-1884) was the first genuinely modern house in Kolozsvár equipped with mechanical engineering, projector, electricity. Alajos Hauszmann designed the University Institute of Anatomy (1884-1889) and the Institution of Public Health of the University (1886) of Kotozsvártoo. The central building was built in Farkas Street (1892-1903) after designs by Károly Meixner and Ignác Alpár. In 1897 the clinics of the university and then, in 1906-1907 the university library was built here. The building of the latter in St George Square was designed by Flóris Korb and Kálmán Giergl in 1906-1907. The clinic of the Royal Hungarian University built in Budapest on Üllői Street was designed by Ferenc Kolbenheyer who started work in 1873. The arch-ended building of the "surgical hospital" contains a large lecture-hall. Its counterpart, the medical clinic was opened in 1880, also designed by Kolbenheyer. The pavilions of ophthalmology and surgery as well as the central building reflect Antal Wéber's concept, whilst the maternity clinic was designed by István Kiss. Although these pavilions are different as far as architectural concepts are concerned, they all represent the same technical standards. Besides brickwork, the facades are enriched by carved stone details as the contemporary expressive means of Neo-Renaissance style. The University Library was reborn in 1872 thanks to Antal Szkalnitzky and Henrik Koch. Its historicizing exterior concealed a skylight reading room. The reconstruction of the central building of the university was followed in 1871 under the supervision of Antal Szkalnitzky and Henrik Koch. In 1886 Antal Wéber took over their work. Several Budapest-based colleges and universities are remarkable ones: such as the pavilioned building of the Veterinary University (1874-1876), designed by Imre Steindl, as well as the Academy of Commerce (1882), built after designs by Győző Czigler. The spectacular development of the Budapest-based university runs parallel with that of the Joseph University of Technology. The building of the Campus in Lágymányos corresponds to contemporary international university types. Whilst Pecz idealised the Romantic-style Anglo-Saxon typology with an articulated mass, Czigler preferred the enclosed ones with an internal courtyard. The latter is akin to the university of Vienna, new then, as well as the Zurich-based technical college regarding its forms. As an exemplary model for the central building of the new Campus, Hauszmann chose Otto Warth's T-shaped type with corner projections as built in Strasbourg, which was widely known amongst architects then and was considered as a modern one. The co-operation of three architects yielded an architectural work of European standards thanks to their in-depth knowledge of architectural history and professional expertise. Materials modern then (brick facade, contemporary roofing types, doors and windows, ceramic and carved stone ornaments, high-standard interior finishes) were used to highlight the integral appearance of the various buildings. All in all, Hungary had universities at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries meeting contemporary world standards regarding both their number and quality. These achievements were the results of orchestrated efforts by educational governments, local authorities, the administrators of the universities and last, but not least: talented architects.
