Prékopa Ágnes (szerk.): Ars Decorativa 31. (Budapest, 2017)
Szabolcs KONDOROSY: Types of Smoking Pipe Widespread in the Ottoman Empire in the 17th Century in Connection with Archaeological Finds from Onetime Várad Cathedral (Budapest Museum of Applied Arts)
there are many variants in that area that support this idea (several variants from Sofia have not been described). Pipes of this type were probably manufactured at many places within the European territory of the Ottoman Empire. Their original models were probably Dutch pipes, as suggested by the unarticulated body, thin shank and the downwardly bulging shape of the head. This supports the hypothesis that the smooth-surfaced versions preceded those with facets. Further evidence for this is the numerical superiority of faceted pipes over the plain versions. Since they were certainly made in an area or areas far from the coast, they must have primarily spread through overland trade. The primacy of south west/north west trade routes is highlighted by the fact that hardly any of these pipes have been found in Croatia, Greece or Romania. Modified versions of the type were first made far from the original sites of manufacture, and since they reached ports in the Western Mediterranean, the new sites may have been in coastal towns. The base type must have appeared in the final third of the 17th century, well before 1686. Evidence for this comes from the many examples found in the Jeni Palisade (near Szekszárd) in the Hódoltság, which burned down that year,52 and even more emphatically from the demonstrable influence of the type on some Turkish examples (Várad and Eger).53 Its manufacture must have continued into the 18th century,54 however, and lived on in Buda in a white, glazed form. Summary and discussion These types of smoking pipes, found throughout the Ottoman Empire, all deviated from the usual Turkish forms in the rounded versions of the head. Their novelty may have been the reason behind their widespread popularity. One open question is why the three types spread to different extents. We have to be very aware of the geographical unevenness of publication of artefacts. More important than the number of examples of a type in an archaeological find is its proportion of the total, preferably broken down to periods. The factors behind the geographical spread include the location of the original workshops and their volumes of production, preferences for particular forms (which might thereafter inspire further variations), trading routes, relations and commodities (the latter probably adapted to consumers, 7. The Várad examples of the polished type pipe 17
