Szilágyi András (szerk.): Ars Decorativa 19. (Budapest, 2000)
Ildikó NAGY: Copies of Murals from Anak Tomb No. 3 in the Korean Collection of the Ferenc Hopp Museum of Eastern Asiatic Arts
TONGSU'S TOMB The Anak Tomb No. 3, or Tongsu's Tomb 4 , is situated near Yusol-li on the territory of Anak District in present-day Hwanghae Province. This territory was called earlier Naknang or Lolang (108 B.C. — 313 A.D.), and it was one of the four Chinese colonies where Chinese settlers lived (Fig. 1). As three tombs were excavated by Korean archeologists in 1949 on the territory of Anak, Tongsu's Tomb (Kor. Tongsu-myó) bears the name Anak Tomb No. 3 in the Korean specialist literature. The tomb consists of stone tomb chambers constructed from basalt and limestone slabs (Fig. 2). Its entrance opens to the south. From the entrance one can enter the Front Hall (Kor. yonshil) that serves as a connection between the tomb chambers (Kor. myoshil) and the entrance. From the Front Hall one can enter the Antechamber (Kor. jonshil) and proceed to the Main Chamber (Kor. hushil or jushil), where the coffin had been put. Two small wing chambers open to the east and west from the Antechamber and they are called the East Wing Chamber and West Wing Chamber (Kor. dong-ch 'ukshil and soch 'ukshil), respectively. The Antechamber is separated from the Main Chamber not by a wall but by three octagonal stone pillars. These supporting stone pillars have no skirting board but rather headers. They are erected in proportional distance from each other in one line so that the inner space can be completely seen through. On the north wall of the Main Chamber or Funerary Chamber, a niche can be seen that is walled to one-third of its height and the upper part is divided by three proportional stone pillars with capitals of medium size in proportional distances. Along the east wall of the Main Chamber and behind its rear, in the line of the stone pillars separating the two chambers, is situated a Side Passage (Kor. hoerangbu) to the north and further - after a turn to the left - this continues to the west. This way the basic form of early Koguryo earthen tumuli constitutes a T-shaped plan. The ceiling of each tomb chamber is constructed of stone triangles in three layers and are covered by a rectangular closing slab to seal them from the outer world, thus creating a lantern ceiling (Kor. malgak jojong). This tomb is considered to be the oldest tomb with lantern ceiling construction in Korea. The floors of the West Wing Chamber and the Main Chamber are somewhat higher than those of the other chambers. The walls and ceilings of the tomb chambers beginning from the wall of the Front Hall are mostly covered by murals or their remains. On account of the themes depicted on these murals, the tomb is listed among the tombs with murals depicting genre scenes. Most of the murals were painted straight onto the surface of the huge rubble stone slabs, except for the wall of the Front Hall, the wall of which was built from small stones of 3.3-5.0 cm thickness set in clay and covered by a thick layer of plaster. To ensure the consequent identification of the murals, the walls of the different tomb chambers were marked with the numbers 1 to 26 on the Ground-Plan of the tomb. On the lower part of the western wall of the Front Hall (Kor. yondoshil) (GroundPlan No.l) the traces of the four or five lances and shields indicate that soldiers standing guard were depicted there. On the western wall of the Antechamber (Kor. jonshil) to the left and to the right and on both sides of the entrance of the West Wing Chamber (Ground-Plan Nos. 3 and 9) figures of body guards (Kor. janghadok) can be seen (111. 3). Above the head of the guard standing on the left the epitaph of the General written with Chinese hieroglyphs in black ink can be read 5 (Ills. 4-5). Originally it had consisted of sixty-eight characters
