Dr. T. Tóth szerk.: Studia historico-anthropologica (Anthropologia Hungarica 19. Budapest, 1986)

morphological features of the lingual surface of the upper medial permanent incisors and that of the chewing surface of the first lower molar. Data about these odontomorphoscopic traits have been sampled from a significant contingent of living Hungarians (more than 3300 men aged between 20 and 60) and compared with twenty ethnogeographic groups of the Eurasian continent (Table 2, Fig. 2). The data concerning the somatoscopic index also deserve attention, because they give information about the main taxonomic components (Europoid and Mongoloid) (Table 2) (TÓTH 1980- 1981, 1982). This combined index-value includes data often morphoscopic characters (extension of beard, extension of chest hair, frequency of epicanthus, development of proximal part of upper eyelid-plica, eye-slant, horizontal facial profiles, prominence of cheek-bones, nasal root height, upper lip profile, prominence of genial tubercle). The value of this index varies for the mixed Europo-Mongoloid groups between 20 and 60 (TÓTH 1980-1981, 1981). INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS Within the above-mentioned 48 skeletalized contingents the morphological differences of the newer series seem clearly expressed against the combined group of the conquering Hungarians (Table 1). In the topography of the two combined complex indices the skeletalized populations may be grouped according to four areas (North Caspian, South Caspian, Ural-Kama-Volga and Ural-Ob regions). A striking similarity of the conquering Hungarians can be stated with the craniological remains of Sauromats and Sarmatas who lived in the North Caspian region (Fig. 1). On the other hand the combined group of conquering Hungarians differs significantly in a morphological respect from the West Siberian and Cis-Uralian craniological finds (Table 1, Fig. 1). It deserves attention that the epochal antecedents of the main morphological traits, which are the most characteristic for the conquering Hungarians, can be found in the paleoanthropology series from the Lower Volga (Fig. 1). There existed in this region, since the beginning of the Bronze Age, an identical morphological complex characterized by the hypermorphy of the splanchnocranium, by a complex which survived in the local YamnayaPoltavkino- and Srubnaya-cultures as well as in the sequences of the Early Iron Age (Table 1). Concerning the correlation of the main taxonomic components in the Central Ob region, the proportion of the Mongoloid component increased during fifteen hundred years (Table 1). On the contrary, the Mongoloid component became in the North Caspian area almost insignificant during the first half of the Iron Age. Nevertheless there is no doubt that the narrow-faced hypomorphic (gracile Eastern Mediterranean) component infiltrated from the Caucasian zone as far as the mouth of the Kama river and the Lake Aral, but this event did not have any modificatory effect in the first half of the Iron Age in the contingent of the populations which inhabited the Northern Caspian area and on the craniomorphological characteristics of the conquering Hungarians. In the Late Iron Age series from Tankeyevka and Biliar the manifestation of the southern gracile Europoid component became well expressed (Table 1). On the other hand the massive eastern Protoeuropoid component became determinative in the craniomorphological complex of the conquering Hungarians. Concerning the above discussed problems of the ethnogenesis of Hungarians an analysis of certain morphological systems of some living populations render further important information . Two odontoscopic traits were taken first of all into consideration: the morphoscopic pattern of the lingual surface of the upper medial permanent incisors and that of the pattern of the chewing surface of the first lower permanent molar. The examined traits were shovelshapedness and the distal trigonid crest. Intercontinental comparative analyses carried out formerly have shown that the frequency of shovel-shapedness of the upper medial incisors varies between 0 and 15 per cent in the Europoid populations, whereas the highest frequency of shovel-shapedness has been found among Mongoloids (75-100%) (ZUBOV 1968). Relatively high frequencies (25-55%) can be found not only in the Europo-Mongoloid mixed groups, but also in the southern subcontinental area of the Europoid racial stock. This situation led to the outlining of three odontologie complexes (types) as distinct ones in the Eurasian continent (the northern gracile, the Middle European and the southern gracile) (ZUBOV 1979). According to these statements a relatively high frequency of shovel-shapedness seems characteristic of the southern gracile type. Data about this odontoscopic trait have been sampled from more than 2000 Hungarian men. The other odontoscopic trait, the presence of the distal trigonid crest on the first lower molar, could be analysed in 1239 Hungarian men. According to ear-