Dr. T. Tóth szerk.: Studia historico-anthropologica (Anthropologia Hungarica 17. Budapest, 1981)

ANTHROPOLOGIA HUNGARICA XVII. 1980-1981 P- 5-22 Anthropological results concerning the ethnogenesis of Hungarians By T. TŐTH (Received May 6, 1981) Abstract: Investigations of widest range have been carried out by author during the last 20 years concerning the problems of ethnogenesis of Hungarians. Paper summarizes the obtained results from the fields of somatology, paleoanthropology and ethnic odontology. With 6 tables and 8 figures. Somatological data were taken in widest range by author during the last twenty years from nine ethnogeographical groups of Hungarians (inhabiting 28 localities) as well as from some ethnic groups of the Soviet Union (Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Uzbeks and Ossets). He analysed further some taxonomicaly important odontoscopical traits of the above mentioned groups of Hungarians. At last he studied the brachycephalization and gracilization on apporx. 300 craniological series originating from different zones of continental Eurasia for clarifying the ethnogenetical processes passed off in the Carpathian Basin (TŐTH 1973, 1974a, b, 1977, 1979a, b, 1980). The somatoscopical and somatometrical data were sampled from more than 4000 men (aged 20-40 years). The differences existing between the studied Hungarian groups and some populations inhabiting the territory of Ural and Central Asia find a reliable expression in the applied combinational polygons (Table 1, Fig. 1-3). On the eight radius of the polygons the values of following traits are plotted: somatoscopical index, percentage of dark hair-colour and that of mixed eye-colour, extension of beard, chesthair, bizygomatic breadth (139-148 mm), morphological facial height (125-134 mm) and cephalic index (77.0-86.0). It should be mentioned that the somatoscopical index applied formerly by DEBETS (1968) and MARK (1970) expresses a comprehensive information about the Mongoloid and Europoid components, in so far as it contains ten morphoscopical and pigmentation traits (extension of beard, extension of chest-hair, frequency of epicanthus, development of proximal part of upper eyelid-plica, eye-slant, horizontal facial profile, prominence of cheekbones, nasal root height, upper lip profile and prominence of genial tubercle). It can be ascertained that according to the main somatoscopical and somatometric characters of all ethnogeographic groups of the Hungarian men are quite different from those of the Bashkirs, Kazakhs and Uzbeks. There are well expressed differences in the major part of 14 cephalometric characters revealed not only by the combinational polygons, but by the results of Student' s probability test. A comparative analysis of 28 local groups of Hungarian men resulted in the setting of three territorial (southwestern, northwestern and central) somatomorphological complexes as well as in the Central Danubian variant being composed of the three main complexes. The Central Danubian variant can be characterized by following features: dominancy of dark hair-colour and mixed eye-colour, middle extension of beard, relatively weakly developed chest-hair, straight nasal bridge, hyperbrachycephaly, mesoprosopy, leptorrhiny and medium tall stature. According to a great number of their characters the ethnogeographical groups of Hungarian men seem to by very close to the southern Ossets from the Caucasus. It is worth value the nearly complete absence of the Mongoloid component in the Central-Danubian variant of the Carpathian anthropological zone (for the whole population is its frequency below one percent). It must