Dr. T. Tóth szerk.: Historico-anthropological studies (Anthropologia Hungarica 9/1-2. Budapest, 1970)
the bregma and vertex points near the sutura sagittalis, whilst the third one occurs in the middle of the left parietal. Two of the three trephinings belongs to the gamma grade ,according to the grading given by NEMESKÉRI-ÉRYKRALOVÁNSZKY (i960), that is, they had been made long before death, while the third one is of the beta grade, that is, somewhat more recent. This latter trephining is of very good execution, nearly circular, a 12x13 mm depression, while the two others show a, more irregular surface and shape. The difference between the quality of the trephinations may be due to the work of two different medical men. The individual displaying the smybolic trephining belongs taxonomically to the low stature group of the dolichomorphous males, its facial skeleton revealing also Cromagnoid characters. Another type of trephination the so-called surgical one, which serves the opening of the cranial cavity, occurs on the skull of a Turanoid type female, about 40 years old (Grave 11) (Plate VI,l). The trephining begins slightly before the bregma point, extending along the sutura sagittalis slightly to the right parietal bone. The maximum length of the trephined surface is 75 mm, its width 37 mm. The opened cranial cavity is of an irregularly elongated shape, the size of the opened portion being about 41x45 mm. The process of healing is indicated along the margin by traces of ossification, and by the ossified surface on the inward slanting side of the trephining. No signs of trauma or other significant pathological changes, as the immediate cause of trephination, can be discovered on the skull. This latter example of trephination resembles, in regard of its shape and execution, certain other ones published from Hungary (NEMESKÉRI-KRALOVAN SZKY-HARSÁNYI, 1965). It stands nearest to the trephinings of the individual from Rétközberencs and the one in Grave 6 at Karos; in these cases namely the trephined surface is elongated and of a considerable extense, while the opened part of the cranial cavity is comparatively small, its rim indicated by the irregular line of the natural process of healing. The trephination at Kál is to a certain extent similar also to that found on the male skull from the tenth century at Szakony , but there we are confronted probably by the surgical correction of an injury suffered from a sword-cut (ERY, in print). While the usage of symbolic trephination had been widely spread in the entire area of Hungary of the tenth and eleventh centuries, surgical trephinings derive only from tenth century cemeteries ,chiefly from the northern zone of the country, according to the map published by NEMESKÉRI-KRALOVÁNSZKY-HARSÁNYI. The locality Kál lies well within this zone. The third type of trephining is the trephination or artificial widening of the foramen occipitale magnum. It occurred in three individuals at Kál: in a Nordoid-type male, about 34 years old (Grave 15), a gracile-Mediterranoid type female, about 55 years of age (Grave 18), and in a brachycranial female about 60 years old (Grave 75) (Plate VI, 2-4). In all three cases, the widening of the foramen occipitale magi um is observable on the rim between
