Amerikai Magyar Szó, 1983. január-június (37. évfolyam, 1-26. szám)

1983-02-10 / 6. szám

Thursday, Feb. 10. 1983.

AMERIKAI MAGYAR SZO

11

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THE600 BILLION DOLLAR

QUESTION

A CSUKLÁS^

A csuklás az emésztőszervek egyik szakaszának, a nyelőcsőnek átmeneti működési zavara. Magaban ártalmatlan, de bizonyos betegségek kísérő tünete lehet. .(

A lenyelt falat a garaton át a nyelőcsőbe kerül, hogy azon lecsúszva a gyomorba fusson. A nyelőcső a rekeszizom nyílásán at halad a mellűregből a hasüregbe. A nyelőcsövet a gyomortól (>e^y nyugalmi állapotéban zárt izmos gyűrű választja el. Ezt a gyomorkaput azok a nyelőcsövén végighaladó perisztaltikus hullámok nyitják meg, amelyek a nyelőcsőben a falat lecsúszását segítik.

Kiegyensúlyozott, nyugodt körülmények között minden nyelést falatcsúszás e's minden falatcsúszást gyomorszájnyilás kiséri. Ha a gyomorszáj, illetve gyomorkapu valamilyen ok miatt nem nyílik meg minden nyeleskor, akkor felette a nyelőcsőben e^y pár falat etel fennmarad es felhalmozódva kitágítja a nyelőcsövet.

A nyelőcső így kitágult also szakasza éppen az, amelyik a rekeszizmon átbújik, nyomást gyakorol az igen érzékeny rekeszizomra, izgalomba hozza, és erre az ingerre a rekeszizom - tulajdonságának megfelelően - összehúzódásokkal, szakaszos rángásokkal felel, s ez apró belégzeseket okoz. Ezeket érzi, illetve hallja az ember jellegzetes csuklás alakjaban.

A csuklás tehát rövid belégzés, amelyet a rekeszizom hirtelen rángása okoz, és amelyet a hangrés szokatlan szűkülésével és a bele'gzés váratlan megakadályozásával kapcsolatos jellemző hang kiser.

A nyelőcsőben megakadt falaton kivul még ilyen csuklást kiváltó rekeszizom-izgalmat okozhat izgató étel, ital vagy valamilyen gyomorbetegség, de leginkább a hashartya mindennemű izgalma, aminek viszont valamilyen hasűri bántalom az eredeti oka.

Ha hashártya vagy agyi izgalom okozza a csuklást, erre a betegen észlelhető egyeb kiséró' tünetek (láz, nagyobb fájdalom,, stb.) minden körülmények közt felhívják a környezet figyelmét, s megszüntetese orvosi beavatkozást igényel. A fentebb említett egyszerű okok miatt jelentkező csuklás pedig ugjyis megszűnik, legfeljebb néhány bevált módszert ajánlhatunk:

A csukló ember igyon apró kortyokban hideg vagy legalábbis hűvös vizet. Mert, ha a csuklást falatelakadas okozza, a viz- ivás feltétlenül megszünteti. Hiszen a vizivassal a nyelés perisztaltikus hullama megnyitja a gyomorszájat, leviszi (a megakadt ételt, megszűnteti a nyelőcső tágulását és eltünteti a rekeszizgalom okát. A viz Jiúvóssé^e pedig megnyugtatóan hat a nyelőcsőre es a rekeszizomra egyaránt. Mások azt mondják, meg kell "ijeszteni" a csukló embert, hatba kell "vágni", rá kell kiáltani. Ez a módszer csak akkor válik be, ha a csuklást nem falatelakadas, hanem idegrendszeri zavar okozza. Ez is célravezető leheft, mert a figyelem elterelése, a másik irányú izgalom megszünteti az elsőt, ami a csuklást kiváltotta. ,

Fontos tanács, hogy az elállni nem akaró, vagy túl gyakran fellépő hosszabb csuklá- sos panaszokkal mielőbb forduljunk orvoshoz.

International monetary economics is an involved discipline, not too easy to come by. But let's try. For nowadays this is probably the most important item of international economic relations.

The problem of maintaining and enhancing a country's creditor position is one of the most interesting and most intricate, - full of puzzling contradictions. On the one hand, there is the question of how to maintain that capital surplus which is propping up the creditor position of a country. On the other side of the fence there is the question of how to carry the debt burden, of how to service the loans received.

If the economy of the debtor country is favorably situated as far as the international terms of trade are concerned and if additionally the economy of the debtor is expanding rapidly, then there is no trouble. This was the case, for instance, of the United States as a debtor versus Britain as a creditor in the nineteenth century. Far from being bankrupted, the United States eventually became the chief rival of Britain and wrested from her the position of the foremost international creditor.

From then on we had two international currencies to reckon with: the declining pound sterling and the dollar on the ascendency. The whole monetary history of the capitalist world from then on up to the Second World War was marked by the undecided struggle between these two world currencies: Uncle Sam trying to break up the British Empire and oust the pound sterling from its position as a leading currency, while John Bull doggedly refused to yield. The story of it is a little like that of the rich old gentleman who was told by his expectant young partner, he should not cling to his wealth, for after all 'you can't take it with you'. The answer of the sturdy old fellow was: 'Well, if I can't take it with me I won't go'. And so we could witness the longstanding seasaw struggle of the two world currencies, the pound sterling and the dollar, except that by now it is not so much 'if I can't take it with me I won't go' but rather: If I have to go I take you with me! (The Bretton Woods negotiations in 1944 with the British Keynes Plan and the American White Plan were exemplifying this conflict,)

The case of the United States was one of absolute success: a debtor position turning into a creditor position, getting on top of the former .creditor as far as capital strength and competitive ability were concerned.

Now let us add the case of relative success in climbing the ladder out of the pit of a debtor position: Canada. The ladder being lowered into the pit is, of course, foreign capital, - overwhelmingly British at first and then with the radical change of the US position from a debtor to a creditor, the bulk of foreign capital coming from the United States. Up to the point where the whole Canadian economy has become assimilated and amalgamated, hook,' line and sinker, into the economy of the United States. A fleeting glance at the rungs of this ladder will show what is involved. From the turn of the century up to the First World War the share of imported

capital in total Canadian capital formation increased by leaps and bounds. In the five year period, 1901-1905 it was 31 percent, but in the period 1911-1916 it reached the dizzying height of 86 percent. The Canadian economy was simply gobbled up by the American neighbor. During and after the First World War there was an abrupt change. In the period 1921-1925, for instance, the share of foreign capital in total Canadian capital formation fell to a negligeable 2 percent. This share increased during the roaring twenties, 1926-1930, to 11 percent.

Now compare this with the case of her Southern neighbor, Mexico, taking this as a pattern of neo-colonialist relations. The underdeveloped debtor vis-a-vis the highly developed creditor is behind the eighth ball in every respect. The great economic puzzle is: how fast must the growth of an underdeveloped nation be in order to be able to service its growing debts. A statistical study published in November 1964 under the title ’The International Distribution of Income with Maximum Aid’ draws the conclusioh that the international distribution of income will continue to become more and more unequal, even if all the aid that the less developed countries could absorb were forthcoming. This is clearly the mechhanism of international exploitation.

One is reminded of the situation in the classic tale 'Through the Looking Glass' where the queen cried: 'faster, faster and they went so fast that at last they seemed to skim through the air, hardly touching the ground, till suddenly they stopped, breathless and giddy. Alice looked around her in great surprise. Why, I do believe we have been under this tree the whole time. Everything is just as it was. Of course, it is, said the queen. Well, in our country, said Alice, you generally get to somewhere when you run very fast for a long time as we have been doing. A slow sort of country, said the queen. Now here, you see, it takes all the running you can do to keep in thé same place.'

Getting away from the marvelous adventures of Alice and putting it in contemporary monetary terms, this is the real background of the 600 billion dpllar debts the underdeveloped nations owe, mainly to Uncle Sam.

And this is also why the presidents of Mexico, Panama and Columbia gave the president of the US at his recent visit such a very cool reception while the demonstrating masses outside gave him such a very hot reception. William Brandt.

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