Vízügyi Közlemények, 1979 (61. évfolyam)

3. füzet - Colenbrander, H. J.: A hidrológiai és vízháztartási kutatás Hollandiában

A hidrológiai kutatás Hollandiában 391 о чистоте поверхностных вод, упоминается о подготовке двух дальнейших законопроектов. (Закон об общей гигиении окружающей среды и закон о водохозяйственном балансе.) В третьей части статьи освещаются вопросы организации научно-технических исследований. Следует подчеркнуть, что до последнего времени в исследованиях по гидрологии и водным балансам имело место большая рассредоточенность. Стало важным поднять организованность и координированность исследовательских работ. Этой цели призваны способствовать Комитет по гидрологическим исследованиям и Организация по прикладным научным исследованиям в которых ныне участвуют все институты и службы, работающие в области гидрологии и водных балансов. * * * Hydrologie and water balance research in the Netherlands By H. J. Colenbrander (Netherlands) Owing to the abundant flow in the great rivers, there is no water scarcity in the Netherlands. Any scarcity experienced is of but temporary character and is essentially a shortage of good quality water. In the recent decades the quality of surface waters has deteriorated appreciably, especially as a consequence of wastewater discharges, accompanied in the Netherlands by another degradation of quality owing to salt water intrusion into the ground water. A large part of the polder area is situated much deeper than the mean level, the high differential level between the saline seawater and the fresh promoting the intrusion and underseepage of salt water (Fig. 1). The situation of water management and water quality is illustrated by the figures in Tables I—VI. To complete the general picture about the hydrologie and water budget situation in the Netherlands, the average water balance is given in Table IV for the entire area of the country as a drainage basin selected at random. The country, however, does not form a hydrologie unit. The developments and interrelations outlined in the paper affect the hydrologie and water balance studies as well, which are dealt with more in detail subsequently. In Section 1 a number of important and urgent problems related to hydrology and the water budget are reviewed. These are considered in five groups, namely in a) the volume and quality of surface waters, in b) the volume and quality of ground water, while in c) the complex problems are described comprehensively. From the studies in group a) on the volume of surface waters it will be perceived that attention has shifted from controlling water to the struggle for water. Interest is concentrated accordingly not on the conveyence of peak flows, but on the study of the passage of low and mean discharges. Besides drainage, the studies are concerned primarily with the augumentation of flow and with water transfers. In order to make the data radily accessible, a group has been established at the TMO for the storage and automatic processing of hydrologie data. A few decades ago very little attention has been devoted to the quality of surface waters, except for salt water intrusion in some bays and river estuaries. A number of research projects are presently concerned with the impacts of pollution due to human activities. The studies dealt with in group b) are concerned with the volume and quality of ground water. The studies on volume are related mainly to the potential, withdrawal of ground water from the saturated aquifers, while another large group is concerned with moisture movement in the three-phase zone. The quality of ground waters is studied parallel to that of surface waters. Group c) of the research projects comprises the complex studies, thus for instance the interrelations between ground water and surface water, or the water budget studies in which navigation, domestic and industrial water supply, agriculture, recreation and environment protection are also taken into account. Section 2 deals with water control and the pattern of legal organisation. The role and functions of the polder boards and water associations are outlined, the