Vízügyi Közlemények, 1977 (59. évfolyam)
2. füzet - Gábri Mihály: Szudán vízgazdálkodása
246 Gábri Mihály IRODALOM 1. Sudan Almanac 1970—71. Ministry of Information and Culture, Khartoum. 2. Sudan Today, University Press of Africa, Khartoum, 1971. 3. A Modern History of the Sudan, P. M. Holt, Weldenfeid and Nicolson, London, 1972. 4. Gábri Mihálu : Final Report, Agricultural Development in the Jebel Marra Area, F AO —TESCO —VÍZITERV, Budapest, 1975. 5. Gábri Mihály: Elet a szudáni Jebel Marra nyugati lejtőin. Hidrológiai Tájékoztató, 1975. 0. Sudan International, Special Supplement, 1975. No. 12—13, Khartoum— London. 7. Gábri Mihály: Műszaki jelentés az 1970 februárban Szudánban tartózkodó szakdelegáció útjáról (Kézirat ) Budapest. 8. Control and Use of Nile Waters in thr Sudan, Min. of Irrigation, Khartoum, 1975. * * Ж Water management in Sudan by M. Gábri Civ. Ertgr. The Democratic Republic of Sudan is the state with the largest territory in Africa, where the successful solution of water related problems assumes paramount significance. The author had opportunity of spending as expert an extended period of time in Sudan. The annual rainfall varies from zero in the North to 1400 mm in the South (Fig. 2.). The territory consists accordingly of desert, semi-desert, savanna and tropical forest. The total "rainfed" agricultural area is 53 000 km 2 of which advanced "mechanized farming" is practiced over 12 thousand km 2. Agricultural development is based on the water of the Nile River, which crosses the country in two branches, namely the White Nile (20 per cent) and the Blue Nile (80 per cent). The annual unstored runoff of 84 thousand million m 3 is allocated to Sudan and Egypt by international agreements. The important dates marking the successive development of the vast storage system are: 1Ü04 the Asswan Dam, 1929 the Scnnar Dam, 1937, 1952 and 1956 the Jebel Aulia Dam, 1959 the Asswan High Dam, 1966 the Khasm el Girba and the Roseires Dam. The most beneficial allocation ol' the water retained in these reservoirs, further of the volumes gained by the Jongle canal system presently under construction has been regulated. In the design of valley dams lull allowance has been made for the heavy sediment transport. There exists no "integrated water service" in the country, but each important, special branch (such as irrigation, water supply, sewerage, water power development, river training, navigation, fishery, etc.) is under the guidance of a well organized state agency. Water development work has preceded reclamation-drainage activities. Of the 4 million hectares potentially irrigable area organized irrigation is practiced to-day over 1,8 million hectares. The integrated Gezira-Managil system, the Khasm el Girba is one of the largest in the World, the Es Sulci system equipped with modern pumping stations, the Rahad I and Rahad II developments supplied by a 100 m 3/sec, modern pumping station, further the N. V. Sennar, Assalaya, Melut, Mangala, Glelhak, Kenaf, etc. projects growing industrial crops (sugar cane, kenaf) are outstanding for their size. The decisions concerning the crop patterns are governed by the consideration to concentrate on the crops most important to the national economy (long-fibre cotton, peanut, wheat, sugar cane, etc.), but irrigation water is delivered also outside these projects for growing vegetables and fruits. The projects are planned by observing extremely simplified, but clear principles, which fit well to the prevailing conditions. These include uniform standard irrigation rates, irrigation times proved successful, sequence of operations, logical and standard canal layout and irrigation plot patterns. The irrigation operation organization (cooperation between the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Irrigation and the renting farmers on a contract basis) functions successfully by observing strict rules. The 'Board" representing the state
