Vízügyi Közlemények, 1975 (57. évfolyam)
3. füzet - Nagy György: A Körösök lefolyási viszonyainak alakulása
:j:Î8 Nagy György В перспективе для покрытия водопотребностей разведано 60 благоприятных створов — с суммарным объёмом около 1400 млн. м 3. Кроме этого планируется переброска стока из рек Марош и Самош. Водохранилища частично будут использованы и как противопаводковые. Вследствие указанных мероприятий условия стока в речной системе Кереш в будущем существенно изменяются. * * * Formation oî runoff in the Körös river system By Gy. Nagy, Civ. Engr. The eastern part of the Carpathian Basin is drained by the Körös rivers, which originate in four branches and discharge into the Tisza River in the Great Plains. The entire catchment area between the Carpathians and the Tisza River extends to 27,811 sq. km, of which 45% are mountain - and 55% plain area. The entire mountain area and the fringe of the Great Plains are on the territory of Rumania, the rest being Hungarian territory (Fig. 1.). The skeleton of the Körös river system is formed by the four main branches, namely proceeding North from the South the Fehér-Körös (Körös White ), the FeketeKörös (Körös Black), the Sebes-Körös (Körös Rapid) and the Berettyó Rivers, which unite in Hungarian territory and earlier as Kettős-Körös (Körös Double) and later as Hármas Körös (Körös Trio) flow across the Hungarian Plain before discharging to the Tisza river. In Part 1. of the paper the natural conditions and the runoff regime before extensive river regulation works are described. The waters rushing down the steep slopes of the high mountains are collected by the Körös Rivers and conveyed within 24 to 36 hours to the plains at elevations between 85 to 100 metres above sea level, where the rivers are flanked on both sides by flood levees. The annual average precipitation in the plains is 500 mm, in the mountains it attains 1000 to 1200 mm. The bulk of the precipitation is transported by south-western and north-western cyclones. The catchment can be divided into two different regions. Runoff and concentration are much more intensive in the catchment of the Körös Black and Körös Rapid rivers, than in that the Körös White and the Berettyó rivers. For a full understanding of the runoff and concentration process it is important to realize that in the past century the mountains were covered with virgin forests. The effects of deforestation are most pronounced in the catchment of the Körös White and less so in the catchments of the Körös Black and Körös Rapid rivers. Estimated on the basis of the catchment elements and of the precipitation conditions, the 1% flood discharges in the boundary cross-sections on the Körös White, Black, Rapid, and Berettyó rivers are 700, 750, 1,000 and 315 cu. m/sec, respectively. In the period before regulation the runoff inundated the plains as far as to the Tisza River. In Part 2. a review is presented on the regulation of the Körös rivers, as well as on the effects thereof. Regulation and reclamation activities started at the beginning of the 19th century by flood control development (Fig. 2.). The length of the rivers was reduced by one-third by the excavation of 266 cuts and flood levees were constructed along their full length in the plains. As a result of regulation the sequence of flood wave travel has developed. For reducing unwanted inundations, levees, confining dikes have been constructed which protect the plains against the flood waves. In the present transitory stage of runoff control the problems awaiting solution are comparable in importance to those prevailing at the time of regulation (Fig. 7.). On Rumanian territory of the tributaries of the Körös White river the Csigér affluent was regulated by building a reservoir (see Fig. 7. no 3.) (Fig. 8.) and a flood detention structure. The flood bed of the river was widened and the levee on the right-hand side was extended. In the Körös Black system the Töz Creek was regulated and a detention reservoir was created by the transverse dike crossing the creek valley (no 4.) (Figs. У. and 10.). Along the Körös Rapid River new levees have
