Vízügyi Közlemények, Kivonatok, 1965
1. Az 1965. évi dunai árvíz - 1.1. Body K.-Csoma J.-Károlyi Z.-Szilágyi J.: Az 1965. évi dunai árvíz hidrológiai okai és lefolyása
(51) The most important conclusion arrived at after the 1965 flood was the recognition of the necessity of strengthening the defective levee stretches immediately after the flood. As far as the more distant future is concerned, it could be established that greater Danube floods cannot be controlled reliably unless control works are continuously developed, the efficiency ot the Hydraulic Service is further improved, and materials as well as equipment of flood control are modernized. 4.2 PROBLEMS RELATED TO THE STRENGTHENING OF FLOOD LEVEES ALONG THE DANUBE By D. Ihrig, Civ. Engr. (For the Hungarian text see 318) The extraordinary stages and duration of the 1965 flood on the Danube River and the deficiencies, which became apparent under this attack, made the strengthening of Danube levees built according to old standards (Fig. 1), inevitable. Strengthening can be effected by reshaping the levee slope on the protected side in accordance with accepted principles of soil mechanics, using the proper earth materials at appropriate points of the embankment and for preventing internal erosion within the embankment, by strictly observing construction specifications relating to foundation and compaction, as well as increasing the load on the top cover on the protected side, or by reducing hydraulic uplift pressures in the soil. 1. Unwanted effects of seepage across the levee, i.e., saturation and consequent loss of strength can be prevented by minimizing infiltration, by landward slopes constructed in accordance with mechanical properties of the embankment material, or by filter ballast acting by dead weight. The measures suitable for strengthening comprise thus on the riverside the construction of an impervious core or cover for preventing seepage entry, while on the landward side a) use of a flatter slope a ^rp / 2 below the line of seepage, b) construction of filter berms, or placing ballast on the slope, and c) the construction of a filter drain at, or under the toe of the levee. Measures listed under b) and c), i.e. filter berms and filters, not only provide support but facilitate the departure of water from the levee. Attempts to prevent this water from draining may entail serious consequence. Berms constructed of impervious material on the landward" side of existing levees actually back up water into the levee and raise thus the line of seepage.
