Vízügyi Közlemények, 1948 (30. évfolyam)
2. szám - VII. Szakirodalom
(46) shown in Figure 2 they would be sufficient for hardly 125 and 83 years respectively. Clearly, the importance of water-power is steadily increasing. 3. With a proper, country-wide network of transmission lines even the hydro-power production of highly variable character can be fully well utilized. Had the annual energy generated by hydroelectric plants risen from the present level of 35 million kWh at once to some 230—250 kWh, it would not cover more than 14—-15 per cent of the consumption of today. By the time, when Hungarian hydro-energy production exceeds these figures, the collaborating steam-plants will have increased in number and so the share of hydro-power is likely never to surpass some 20—25 per cent. Consequently there is no obstacle to constructing the water-power stations for the 50 per cent duration discharges. 4. Recent technical achievements make the utilization of hitherto neglected water-power resources not onlv possible but also economical. The Kaplan turbines are well applicable to both low-heads and largely variable discharges. The dams of today can be designed with pillar distances of some 30—45 m. 5. Construction of dams in Hungary is required in the first place for the needs of irrigation while the advantages are shared with navigation. Under these circumstances utilization of water-power costs for the most part very little. 6. Generation of hydro-energy in the eastern regions of this country would largely increase the reliability of energy supply. A precious co-operation could be established between the inland run-of-river stations and the installations located in the highlands beyond the frontier ; as in flood time the production of the former decreases while, under similar circumstances, the production of power stations in mountainous regions is on the increase. However, in case of low waters, within certain limits, these phenomena are just reverse because in times like this a comparatively high head can be made useful in the run-of-river plants. 2. Hungary, in compiling a statistics of hydro-energy, has preceded most of the countries in the world. But the data listed in „Magyarország vízerői" ("Hungary's HydroPower"), a detailed study written and edited in 1905 by E. Viczidn, are obsolete today. In that time the hydrometrical and topographical surveys had not been extended to the plain-land stretches of rivers and, considering that since World War I. the mountainous regions of the Carpathian Basin belong to the neighbouring countries, it is not a coincidence that in the above mentioned study we can find hardly any data that concern the present territory of this country. It is another deficiency of the statistics that they comprise merely the minimum potential power, but — owing to the short time for compilation — the minimum water quantities used in the computations show in every instance a more or less significant difference from the actual minimum discharge. Accordingly, neither the straight conversion of Viczián's data, nor the application of later estimates based on the same could serve the purposes of accurate determination of potential waterpower in Hungary and so the need for an entirely new survey was apparent. 3. The potential water-power has been computed with regard to Formula 1. while discharge and head respectively have been taken as constant within each river stretch (Formula 2). Characteristic values of both capacities (T) and annual energies (E) are usually computed from discharges of 100, 95 and 50 per cent duration and from the mean discharges (Figure 3). In evaluating water-power, from hydrological point of view, there are three factors • to be taken into consideration: a) absolute quantity of water-power resources, b) the ratio of discharge to the head (in case of equal capacities small discharge with a high head is more favourable than reversed), с ) variation of the theoretical capacity which is represented by ratios a = T 5 0/T 9 5 and a 1 = T 5 0IT 10 0 respectively. A smaller « means more favourable conditions. Relative level of flood waters is equally noteworthy, namely with run-of-river stations the damming effect decreases in flood time and, what is more, it may cease completely. For conditions in flood time the factors ß and ß 1 are characteristic. Hydrological data referring to conditions in Hungary are summed up in Table I. Figure 4 gives a comparison of run-off conditions on the Danube and Tisza rivers. To this end ç 5 0 values on the duration diagrams are plotted in equal sizes. The respectively balanced run-off on the Danube is highly favourable in view of hydro-energy utilization.
