The Eighth Tribe, 1978 (5. évfolyam, 1-12. szám)
1978-02-01 / 2. szám
Page 8 THE EIGHTH TRIBE February, 1978 ideals since my tender youth, and later as a member of the supreme party and state leadership as well. The nationality question is a touchstone of democracy. Without the just and real, not only verbal, solution of the nationality question, democracy cannot exist, and the new society, the socialism which we all want, cannot be built up. Our supreme leadership must analyze these problems very seriously. Unless it does so, the leadership itself will make the entire existence of democracy within our party and our society questionable. ‘The Personality Cult’ It is not society which is bad, nor is it the socialist system which must be faulted, but the methods used by the leadership. It is necessary to illuminate the grave errors being committed in the interpretation of Marxist-Leninistn and in the application of the fundamental principles established by the party. We must renounce policies based on demagogy, the personality cult and the capricious application of Marxism. Only in this way can we achieve a proper, just and democratic solution of all those questions which reality has created in our socialist society. We nationalities — Hungarians, Germans, Serbs, Jews, Gypsies, and so on — feel a deep respect for the Rumanian people and wish to live in harmony with them. It would be a pity if all that would collapse which we Rumanians and the other nationalities, built up with hard work in the decades following liberation. After all, this country is the common home of all of us, and we love Iter as a good mother. We must do all we can to prevent her from becoming a cruel stepmother to any one of her children, regardless of Itis nationality. Among the leading classes, the high clergy was the most influential. They were followed — according to St. Stephen’s “Admonitions” to his son St. Emeric (Imre) — by the princes, counts and fighters (princeps, comites, milites) ; and these in turn by the privileged foreign settlers (hospites et advenae). To ensure the continuous support of these leading elements, and to increase the number of his royal followers from the ranks of the other clans and tribes, St. Stephen began the custom of granting estates of various sizes to his followers. The most important members of this group came from the ranks of the tribal and clan aristocracy (who left their own tribes and clans), and from the ranks of foreign knights. These were the only ones who made up the Royal Council (senatus), and who were given posts as chief administrators of the patrimonial (“royal”) estates. Less significant members of these “royal followers” were granted smaller estates, or they were paid salaries (stipendium) and given humbler positions. The latter — generally known as citizens or fighters [civis, milites) — came mostly from the ranks of free Magyar tribesmen. The chief administrator of the patrimonial (“royal”) estates was the “palace count” [comes palatinum), known to the Magyars as nádorispán or simply nádor. In tlie subsequent centuries of tbe nádor s office developed into the highest office in the realm, immediately after the king. The administration of tbe huge estates that were scattered throughout the country was conducted from numerous newly established fortresses [civitas, castrum, Hung.: vár). Each of these fortresses was the center of a “royal county" (comitatus, Hung.: megye or vármegye), administered by a centrally appointed count [comes, Hung.: ispán). By the end of his reign St. Stephen bad established about forty-five royal counties, creating a network of administrative system that stretched over the whole country, but excluded the lands held by the individual clans. Most of the latter did not become part of the countrywide administrative system until the thirteenth century, when the “royal counties" were also transformed into “nobles’ counties” (nemes megye), which became centers of local self-rule. The origin of the royal counties goes Lack to the Frankish Empire of Charlemagne (8th-9th c.), which survived in the Carpathian Basin through the intermediary of the Slavs and tbe “Late Avars” (Avar- Magyars), wbo had been conquered by Charlemagne. There are indications that already Prince Géza began to revive the county system as a 83 Get the Facts on SOLAR HEATING! ... It is time to think about converting your present heating unit to include SOLAR HEATING. a 160 pages book with valuable information for homeowners, builders and architects. "ENERGY BOOM and SOLAR HEATING” Price: $5.00 — including Postage To order make checks payable to: Sunwall Inc. Publications, c/o Bethlen Press, Inc. P.O. Box 637 Ligonier, Pa. 15658
