The Eighth Tribe, 1977 (4. évfolyam, 1-12. szám)
1977-09-01 / 9. szám
September, 1977 THE EIGHTH TRIBE Page 7 Billy Graham Crusade In Hungary THE MAGYARS IN HISTORY Editor’s Note: In the August issue of The Eighth Tribe, we reported that Rev. Billy Graham would go to Hungary in the near future. Rev. Graham did go to Hungary in September and his first sermon was held on September 3rd. The following statement was given by Dr. Graham before leaving the U. S.: * * # In ways beyond our understanding, the Lord has opened the door for us to preach the Gospel in various parts of Hungary from September 3rd through the 10th. There have been no restrictions or limitations placed on our preaching of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. While we will be holding public evangelistic services and special meetings with the clergy, youth, and government officials, there will also be numerous receptions where we will have an opportunity to witness. The official invitation from the churches of Hungary was handed to me by a Hungarian-American Christian friend, who flew from Budapest to my home in North Carolina. He said, “It is my understanding that no Western churchman, Protestant or Catholic, has been given such an opportunity as has been offered to you.” I have always had a special love in my heart for the wonderful, warmhearted people of Hungary. I never dreamed that I would ever have the privilege of preaching the Gospel there. Members of our Team will be going; and my wife, Ruth, will accompany me. Billy Graham BUDAPEST, Hungary — Billy Graham, convinced that religion can survive in a socialist country, ended a bridge-building visit to the Soviet bloc Saturday after preaching evangelism to an estimated 28,000 persons. Although Graham has drawn bigger crowds on a single night in his U.S. crusades, Western observers described the week-long trip here as “unprecedented” in postwar Eastern Europe. It was Graham’s first visit to a Moscowline Communist nation. The 58-year-old North Carolinian arrived in Hungary last Saturday at the invitation of the Council of Free Churches. He delivered five sermons — four at churches in Budapest, Debrecen and Pecs and a fifth at an outdoor rally by S. B. Vardy, Ph.D. Professor of History — continued — CHAPTER IX THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF THE CONQUERING MAGYARS (Their Arts and Crafts) We already know that the conquering Magyars were largely sedentary people who had permanent villages, and were engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. But in addition to pursuing these occupations, the economy of the conquerors also included manufacturing and commerce. Their artisans were involved in virtually every kind of craft, from cloth making (weaving) and leather tanning, through pottery making, blacksmithing (forging) and metal smelting, to wood carving and goldsmithing. And these crafts had already been known to them before their conquest of the Carpathian Basin. This is indicated, among others, by such pre-conquest Turkic and Finno-Ugric terms in Magyar vocabulary as ács—carpenter, szűcs—furrier or tanner, vasverő—blacksmith, fazekas—potter, fonó—weaver, etc. In fact, by the time of the conquest, there was already a growing standardization of the manufactured items produced by Magyar craftsmen. This uniformity is evident in most of the standard products of the blacksmiths, armorers, saddlers, bow-makers, harness-makers, furriers, goldsmiths, silversmiths, etc. Yet, notwithstanding this trend toward uniformization, there were still marked differences in the quality of the goods made for the various social strata of the population. On the basis of recent archeological finds we also know a great deal about the attire and standard equipment (weapons) of the tenthcentury Magyars. The attires of men and women were very similar, with the exception that women’s dresses tended to be made of finer cloth, and were more elaborately trimmed and adorned. Thus, both men and women wore long, loose trousers, which were tucked into their boots just below the knee level. The boots, including their soles, were made of soft leather. The upper bodies of both men and women were covered by loose fitting shirts with tight necklines, which in turn were topped off by robe-like, long-sleeved caftans, which reached right down to the boots, and thus covered also their trousers. In the case of men, these caftans were held together with the help of a belt and buckle — some of the latter made of precious metals. In the case of women, how-47
