Századok – 2010

TANULMÁNYOK - Sasfi Csaba: Felekezetiség és a középiskolai szocializáció színterei. A magyarországi középiskolai diákság felekezeti viszonyai a 19. században

592 SASFI CSABA iskola összes diák r.kat. g.kat. g.keleti evang. reform. unit. izrael. max. Temesvári állami főreáliskola 316 45% 2% 4% 4% 4% 0% 41% 45%' Verseci állami főreáliskola 224 49% 0% 32% 2% 3% 0% 13% 49% Szarvasi evangélikus főgimnázium 386 19% 0% 2% 57% 8% 0% 14% 57% Bp-i V. ker. királyi katolikus főgimnázium 667 41% 1% 0% 3% 4% 0% 51% 51% átlag 248 38% 2% 4% 18% 7% 1% 30% 51% CONFESSIONALISM AND THE SCENES OF SOCIALISATION IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS. Confessional Distribution of Hungarian Secondary School Students in the 19th Century by Csaba Sasft (Summary) The network of secondary schools emerged in Hungaiy after the introduction of compulsory elementary education in 1868, and was originally destined to serve as preparation for higher education. As a result of the Reformation-Counter-Reformation dichotomy, they have developed as parts of separate confessional networks, and this separation survived until as late as the law on secondary schools of 1883. With regard to this phenomenon, we have aimed at exploring the possibilities and scenes of school socialisation among the pupils aged 10 to 18, and at establishing the areas and contexts where this problem can be researched at all. The present work is envisaged as basically methodological: as a starting point for more thoroughgoing, „circumstantial" analyses, as well as case studies. Consequently, we have formulated two basic questions: 1. How heterogeneous or homogeneous in terms of confession was the schooled population in various regions of Hungary in the second half of the 19th century? 2. Can the students who attended the confessionally most mixed or unisexed secondary schools be regarded, in whatever sense, as a kind of elite? In the first step we have examined the student population of the various confessional school networks upon the basis of macro data. One of the main results is the apparent dissolution of confessional segmentation: the confessional secondary schools, still almost entirely closed in the beginning of the century, became more open by the end of it, mostly those of the Lutherans, followed by the Calvinist schools. Yet in the year preceding the enactment of the law on secondary schools even in the Catholic institutions the percentage of non-Catholics was more than one third, although in this sector the increasing tendency came to a halt in the last decade of the century and was even slightly reversed. The greatest confessional amalgamation among the students, that is, the most balanced proportions, characterised the Lutheran schools in the second half of the 19th century. Secondly, we have carried out an institutional analysis with the aim of finding the most confessionally heterogeneous and most homogeneous schools between 1854 and 1895. We have managed to establish seven mixed (heterogeneous) and six uniform (homogeneous) secondary schools. In comparing the two groups thus identified, we can find no marked contrasts between them. The only one is perhaps that the homogeneous ones show more stability in time, they were almost exclusively Catholic as regards both their owners and students. As for the heterogeneous ones, they were equally divided between the Catholics and the Protestants, one being secular. All the mixed secondary schools were situated in towns with but one such institution, and outside present-day Hungary. In the third step, the previous data has been submitted to a cross-table analysis in order to find out whether confessional heterogeneity or homogeneity involved social exclusivity. It can be stated that the social structure of both the confessionally most heterogeneous and of the most homogeneous secondary schools fit well into that of the student population of Hungary in general. The response to our original question is that even in case of the secondary schools which represent the two extremes as regards the confessional composition of their student population, the social