Századok – 2010

TANULMÁNYOK - Neumann Tibor: Békekötés Pozsonyban - országgyűlés Budán. A Jagelló-Habsburg kapcsolatok egy fejezete (1490-1492) (Első közlemény)

A JAGELLÓ-HABSBURG KAPCSOLATOK EGY FEJEZETE (1490-1492) 371 Az azonban bizonyos, hogy egy évvel korábban Miksa egyértelműen jobb feltételekkel köthetett volna békét, ha nem ragaszkodik a tényleges magyar királyi hatalomhoz. Ebből a szempontból Ulászló 1491 nyarán indult magyarországi hadjárata és az ausztriai offenzíva korántsem tekinthető eredménytelenül végződő vállalkozásnak. PEACE TREATY AT PRESSBURG - GENERAL ASSEMBLY AT BUDA A Chapter of the History of Habsburg-Jagello Relations (1490-1492) (First Part) by: Tibor Neumann (Summary) The peace treaty concluded on 7 November 1491 at Pozsony between Wladislaw II, king of Hungary and Bohemia on the one hand, and emperor Frederick and Maximilian, king of the Romans on the other, has traditionally been regarded by Hungarian historiography as an ignominious and humiliating agreement, for the Hungarian side was thought to have made considerable concessions while at the very gate of military victory. This judgement, however, was greatly influenced by the negative attitude towards the allegedly impotent king of Hungary, and towards the whole Jagelló period (1490-1526), regarded as an age of decadence. Consequently, the author thought it necessary to return directly to the sources instead of refuting one by one the biased statements of previous historiography. The study follows the Hungaro-German negotiations from the accession of Wladislaw II to the Reichstag of Nurenberg (Autumn 1490-Summer 1491), which can be seen as the preliminaries to the peace of Pressburg. Then it retraces from the Hungarian reoccupation of Fehérvár (July 1491) those political and military events which in a sort immediately led to the conclusion of the peace. The author involved a number of hitherto unused sources, such as the accounts of the town of Pressburg and the reports of the Italian ambassadors, which complete, nuance or even refute traditional views. Whereas the two Habsburg rulers laid a claim to the Hungarian throne after the death of king Matthias in 1490 with reference to the 1463 treaty of Wiener Neustadt, Wladislaw II could refer to his election in July 1490 and his coronation in September. In the course of the negotiations at Vienna and later at Sümeg in the autumn of 1490 the king of the Romans aimed at persuading his opponent to resign the Hungarian throne. Perhaps already at the time of the negotiations held at Magyaróvár at the turn of 1490-1491, but during the Reichstag of Nurenberg at the latest, Maximilian, under preassure because of the attack of Charles VIII of France against Bretagne, was willing to drop this demand, which opened the way for a compromise. Wladislaw II launched his campaign against the Germans in the early summer of 1491. At first Székesfehérvár was taken after a six-week-long siege (25 July 1491). He soon run out of money, however, his mercenaries mutinied, while his own brother, prince John Albert and the Ottomans prepared to attack again. Due to the consequent regrouping of troops, the effective of the army at Fehérvár diminished considerably. Consequently, the campaign lost its momentum, and none of the other conquests of Maximilian in Transdanubia, among them the town of Veszprém, could be regained until the peace was finally made. On the very day Fehérvár was taken, part of the royal mercenary troops was sent to Austria, to be completed by other contingents led by Péter Pogány, ispán of Pressburg. Although this campaign failed to produce spectacular results, it did manage to secure the strongholds in Hungarian hands, and also caused considerable destruction of the enemy lands. In the meantime, peace talks had been arranged for 24 August to Hainburg upon the initiative of emperor Frederick. In Lower Austria Hungarian dominance lasted until the end of August. The surroundings of Pressburg suffered from several attacks by the German mercenaries thereafter. Negotiations between the belligérants began on 10 September at Hainburg, were continued between 12 and 23 September at Pressburg, yet no compromise was attained. Unfavourable military events, such as the attack of John Albert against Kassa, and the counterattack of the German troops started late in September, thus finally forced the Hungarians to accept the basic German demands. In October Hungarian envoys left for Austria to negotiate with the delegates of the emperor and the king of the