Századok – 2001

TANULMÁNYOK - Kristó Gyula: II. András király "új intézkedései" II/251

300 KRISTÓ GYULA bucio). Les immobiliers concédés étaient des donations perpétuelles iperpetuitas) sans conditions et contrepartie, et contribuaient à ce que les biens de l'aristocratie constituassent un seul grand corps de propriété. Le roi, pour combler les revenus naturels des bies (revenus domaniaux), établit des impôts pécuniaires et transformait la cour royale à l'instar du modèle franais et formait un nouvel apparat financier. Il essayait d'avoir des revenus de ceux qui le regardaient en tant que revenus royaux (regale). André II pouvait ce faire, car il rendit compte d'une faon clairvoyante de l'évolution de la production marchande, de l'apparition d'un surplus, du dévéloppement de la situation financière. Il tombait cependant dans une mécompte car ils n'atteignaient pas encore un niveau qui aurait permis de combler les revenus perdus. Les "nouvelles institutions" étaient risquées des menaces économiques, accompagnées d'une crise politique, la nouvelle politique royale eut opposition interne efficace. Après la croisade de 1217 André suspendait les grandes donations, mais il les a renouvelées après 1220. En 1225 un décrétai papal (decretalis) lui a préscrit de rompre cette politique et par l'effet de celui-ci, une interruption est survenue de nouveau dans les "nouvelles institutions". En 1228 André II a renouvelé les grandes donations et, à la fois, son fils, Béla — le futur roi Béla IV — a commencé à la reprise des immobiliers aliénés par les rois d'auparavant. La politique de restauration de Béla s'essouflait plus avant, il a dû y renoncer en 1231, tandis qu'André continuait jusqu'à sa mort (1235) l'alinéation des biens (surtout des châteaux) royaux, même si le rythme de celui-ci était inférieur à l'élan de la période de 1208-1217. La politique des "nouvelles institutions" est pris fin d'un seul coup avec la mort d'André II, son successeur, son fils, le roi Béla IV se mettait à reprendre les biens plus radicalement qu'avant. THE „NEW INSTITUTIONS" OF KING ANDREW II (Summary) by Gyula Kristó The study reviews the royal policy of land grants during the half century between 1180 and 1235 on the basis of royal charters of donation and their solemn justifications (arenga). The alienation of royal estates began on a larger scale in the second half of the reign of Béla III (1172-1196). At first the beneficiaries were courtiers of lesser status living in the royal entourage, soon followed by people of more elevated social standing. After the death of Béla III his younger son, Andrew — the future Andrew II — followed his father's example in order to thereby recruite supporters in his struggle against his brother, king Imre (1196-1204). Imre, who was of course also forced to reward his own partisans, began to grant away pieces of the royal domain some years after his accession, When the light-minded Andrew II (1205-1235) acceded to the throne, the alienation of the royal domain in favour of the indigenous and foreign members of the political elite entered into a new, more intensive phase. The greatest grants were made in an uncontrolled and mostly unsystematic way in the period between 1208 and 1217. This new policy, which amounted to a complete break with the course followed by his predecessors, was termed by Andrew II himself as „new institutions": it was declared to aim at the „general distribution" (generalis distributio) of the greatest part of the royal domain. The grants, which were made by perpetual right and involved neither conditions nor services in turn, facilitated for the king's leading followers to form huge blocks of lands for themselves. In order to compensate for the loss of domanial revenues the king initiated new money taxes, transformed the royal court on the French model, and created a new financial administration. He tried to augment his income from the revenues that belonged to him as king. His attempt was justified insofar as the country's economy was already able to produce surplus wealth and the use of money was also becoming increasingly common. Yet this economic development was still not dynamic enough to supplant the missing domanial resources. The „new institutions" were consequently undermined by an economic crisis which was deepened by the king's political opposition. After the crusade of 1217 Andrew suspended the policy of large-scale donations for some years, but in 1220 he returned to his previous ideas. After 1225 a new break followed in the wake of a papal decretal which ordered the king to stop his policy. In 1228 Andrew began to make new lavish grants, whereas his son, the future Béla IX initiated the restoration of previously donated estates. Three years later prince Béla was forced to abandon his policy of restitution, but the king followed the alienation of the royal domain (mainly in the form of castellanies) until his death in 1235. It has to be remarked, however, that its intensity was remained lower than it had been between 1208 and 1217. The death of Andrew II put an abrupt end to the policy of the „new institutions", and his son, Béla IV initiated a new, more radical policy of restitution of the royal domain.