Marta, Liviu: The Late Bronze Age Settlements of Petea-Csengersima (Satu Mare, 2009)
V. Conclusions. Contribution of the Petea-Csengersima Excavations to the Knowledge of the Late Bronze Age
some elements that predict the following cultural Lăpuş II-Gáva I (just like in Lăpuş) aspect: the occurrence of the black-red by-chrome colouring, the appearance of amphorae with tall cylindrical neck (type 2A) and of short cups with very tall handles (type 4). Another relevant aspect for the Suciu de Sus lib and Lăpuş I synchronism are the specific elements that are passed down to the Lăpuş II—Gáva I habitation. It can be stated that in the area of Lăpuş, a “Lăpuş I” “fingerprint” is passed down while in the region of Satu Mare a Suciu de Sus lib “fingerprint” is transmitted. The Upu? II—Gáva I cultural horizon. The genesis of the Lăpuş II-Gáva I cultural horizon is part of a larger process that unfolds in a vast area of the Carpathian region: the beginning and the generalisation of the employment of channelled “black-red” pottery. Chronologically established for one region or to other in a greater or lesser extent, this process takes place in the Tisa Plain at the end of the BzD stage and the beginning of the HaAl stage. In the area of the Upper Tisa the new cultural horizon that emerges is expressed through a set of pottery forms and ornaments that are well distinguishable from the neighbouring cultural environments: Igrita or Biharea (the area of Bihor), pre—Gáva (the area of the middle Tisa) or the Cugir-Band type discoveries (Transylvania). The main elements that set apart the pottery from the Upper Tisa region are: the amphorae with a single row of protuberances and whose decoration comprises wide channels or ribs, a few bowl types with thickened rim and which have faceted decoration or horizontal channels (never oblique), short cup with very over raised handle decorated with knobs (type 4). Alongside these elements that can be considered emblematic, the different regions of the Upper Tisa area have a great number of vessels and common ornaments. Regarding the better known in the Lăpuş Depression, the Plain of Carei and the Plain of Satu Mare, almost each vessel variant or ornamental motif is usually present in each of the regions, or if not, at least in two of these regions. Practically in the large areas initially inhabited by the Cehăluţ-Hajdubagos cultural group, the Suciu de Sus culture (phase lib) and the Lăpuş cultural group (phase I), there is a noticeable process of cultural homogenisation. The pottery from the area of Satu Mare, through its numerous similarities with the pottery of the two neighbouring areas, provides several common elements between the Gáva I phase (the Nir area and the Carei area) and the Lăpuş II phase (the Lăpuş Depression and the Sălaj Valley). Thus the material culture of the area of Satu Mare can be considered as a reflection of the intermediary geographic position between the areas attributed to the Lăpuş II phase and of those attributed to the Gáva I phase. Even if in these areas there are a few specific elements, these are practically too weakly consistent to uphold different cultural evolutions. Almost all the differences are visible especially at the level of the ornamentation of coarse pottery, which as we have seen have a long existence, being “ancestral” elements, inherited by each of the micro-areas already from the final period of the Middle Bronze Age/the beginning of the Late Bronze Age. The attempt to place the origins of the emergence process of the Lăpuş II-Gáva I type manifestations in one of the micro-regions does not provide data that indicates a prominent role of one among these. There are no clear elements to indicate that the cultural material from one area penetrates other areas. On the other hand, from the perspective of the fundamental role of channelled pottery, its important role is proved within the Cehăluţ- Hajdubagos pottery' (for example the knobs framed by channels). The bi-chrome pottery is also seen as coming from the west729. However, as we have seen, the bi-chrome colouring appears at a relatively early horizon, in the late Suciu de Sus lib. At the same time some channelled motifs and ribs can be found also in Suciu de Sus lib or Lăpuş I discoveries (for example the knobs framed by arched channels or wide channels). On the other hand, the transition to black-red channelled pottery attested very early in the Lăpuş area, although the 729 Kacsó 1990a, p. 48. 101
