Grigorescu, Felicia: Forme de artă în cimitire evreieşti din nord-vestul Romaniei (Satu Mare, 2013)
Glosar de termeni
was renewed in the same leading array, whose elements were of the beginnings, with origin in the Law. Therefore temporaries are determined both by the persistence of the constant commandment, as well as by using the features of some styles long after their entry and development meaning more centuries. The late acquisitions of elements specific to one style or another may also be the result of readjustment of synagogue forms to the architecture in the middle of which it is placed. Together with temporaries of Jewish architecture, let us also look at the unusual situation through time of countless territories inhabited by Jews, except for the one whose name they bear and which they only hope to reach. So they do not define themselves primarily as other peoples, by affiliation to a land but only to a religion. They are not Israelis first because they would live in Israel, but because they were promised that country and to do this they accepted the commandments, and that their life should be ruled by the Law. In this special feature of their existence, as well as the permanent connections between the remote territories which they lived on, it has been possible to maintain a real unity in their artistic manifestations as observed by those who have been concerned about this subject, as I mentioned in the first chapter. The 20th century will be one of major changes for Jewish European architecture, but not only that. The destiny of Jewish people in Europe has changed completely as a result of the Holocaust and then of the establishment of the state of Israel. The second half of the century in fact meant, only attempts to save the heritage maintained, and no more than reconstruction of Jewish synagogue ' because it seems that no new synagogue has yet been built 1. The beginning of the 20th century brings the emancipated and prosperous Jews living in north-west Romania in phase with the architectural manifestations of the moment secession style. Synagogue architecture developed in parallel to the context architecture will develop an adapted secession to the Jews at the wish of presenting their identity, a manifestation of new central-European style with symbols of its own identity. Acquisitions of new forms at the beginning of the century can be illustrated with the synagogue Saare Tora in Satu Mare. As we have already mentioned, the Jews were not loyal to artistic movements from one particular period; their preferences recorded most unexpected leaps. Evidence of this is a spectacular return to Moorish vocabulary; the best example of this is the synagogue on the City Hall Street in Oradea, the last big synagogue that was built in north-west Romania. By analyzing forms the Jews learned, there are some analogies of structures with Tabernacle in the desert but especially the similarity to the Temple in Jerusalem with the two pillars of Joachim and Boaz, that being the form around which both synagogue and a part of cemetery architecture revolves. We believe that the cemetery has yet another Biblical mark, the pillar that Joseph set as a sign above Rachel’s grave, resulted in general shape I.A.l.c. with obelisk and column version. Regarding the most common form of this type of stone, and the reference to the ancient architectural model, we cannot miss the closeness between the architectural form of the synagogue and that of tombstones. In the case of the synagogue, the architectural type around which it is developed and refers to Solomon's Temple, is a central axis flanked by two side axes as a 183 At Sighetu Martnadéi, the first synagogue in Europe after 1940 is about to be built, on the same place of the former Sinagoga Mare (The Great Synagogue), and it is going to be a synagogue for pilgrims. Oral information, the president of the Jewish community from Sighetu Marmaţiei, engineer Hari Marcus. 154
