Grigorescu, Felicia: Forme de artă în cimitire evreieşti din nord-vestul Romaniei (Satu Mare, 2013)
Glosar de termeni
from the first third of the century, in Ardud from 1820; in the county of Maramureş in Copalnic Mănăştur, from the years 1820, in Glod, Róna de Sus, Poienile de sub Munte, Apşa de Sus, Fărcaşa, Bârsana and Leordina before 1850, and in Bihor in Valea lui Mihai round the year 1838. From the middle of the century the cemeteries of Botiza and Călineşti in Maramureş have been opened174 *. From the second half of the 19th century, cemeteries are opened in most of the localities where a significant number of Jewish population used to live. The localities that don’t have their own cemeteries have buried their dead in the cemeteries of the communities they belonged to. For example, it is known that in Botiz the Jewish cemetery was opened in 1850, being used from the ones of the adjacent localities not having their own cemeteries, as well. Among the bigger cities from the selected study area the last whom the purchase of the land parcel has been permitted for the organization of the cemetery was Satu Mare, this purchase being repeatedly refused to this community. The Jews from Satu Mare were constrained to bury their dead either in Carei or in Botiz - the first locality on the route Satu Mare - Sighetu Marmaţiei. The purchase date of the land for the first Jewish cemetery isn’t certain even today . The dimensions of the cemeteries reflect the financial power and the number of Jewish community from the locality, in the moment of their opening. They are, most of the times at the outskirts of the localities and separate from the synagogue, and as much as possible, from the Christian cemeteries. In time, through the development of the localities, especially of the towns the cemeteries are incorporated into the towns migrating towards the centre, their emplacement outside the locality remaining visible only in the rural localities. There also exist exceptions, where the Jewish cemetery is beside the Christian one. It’s the case of the two newest cemeteries from Oradea, situated laterally, on the left the orthodox one 1926 - the new orthodox cemetery) and on the right (Neologist, 1889), on the Eastern side of the cemeterial complex Rulikovski, in the same parcel (Oradea - a document from 1776 shows the petition for redevelopment, the fence and guard of the cemeteries can be found outside the town, Lebedei street, functional until 1880. In 1800 the cemetery of Velenţa was opened, where the defuncts are displaced from the Lebedei street). In Tăşnad the Jewish cemetery is beside the orthodox one at the exit of the town to Carei. In Negreşti Oaş, as well, the Jewish cemetery is next to the orthodox one, at the exit of the town to Carei, both cemeteries being closed today. In Satu Mare the two big Jewish cemeteries (separated from the 9 Mai Street) are situated face to face with the Greek Catholic and Reformed cemetery, separated by the state highway Satu Mare - Baia Mare. There exist exceptions from the rules in the smaller localities as well: in Livada (SM), in Copalnic Mănăştur (MM), in Halmeu (SM) in Tinea I (BH) or in Sâmbăta (BH). The cemeteries from the small localities don’t keep cemeterial constructions, these being inactive since the middle of the 20lh century. There have been cemeteries that weren’t equipped with chapels and purification baths, case in which the toilette and ritual washing of the deceased were made at his residence176. In present, inhumations are very rare also in the localities with active communities, due to the small number of Jews that live in present (2013) in the studied area. The cemeterial constructions exist only in the Ibidem l7i Ibidem, p. 346. 176 Oral information, the president of the Jewish community from Baia Mare, M. Şalic. 146
