Grigorescu, Felicia: Forme de artă în cimitire evreieşti din nord-vestul Romaniei (Satu Mare, 2013)
Glosar de termeni
century, when the specific Jewish matrix is gradually influenced from the exterior. Tomb stones of the category II are present in the urban cemeteries. The following characteristic of classification is the one of groups: singular, double and (identified with the symbols A, B and C). We used this characteristic of grouping because apart from the singular tomb stones (A) in the Jewish cemeteries there is a great number of double stones (B) in whose shapes we find all the variants of the singular ones, identifying the same subsequent subdivisions, only that these are made by joining two singular stones. These double stones are common at the graves of spouses. C are the most spectacular. The third characteristic of classification refers to the essence of the tomb stones shapes identified in the studied area, the architectural character (characteristic identified with the symbols 1 and 2): pseudo-architectural (1), and vaguely architectural. At this level of classification, the subdivisions will be determined by the shapes of the architectural elements which are made of. A deeper subdivision has only been performed at the architectural typology. According to the architectural shape characteristic (the fourth) we identified two subdivisions (characteristic identified with the symbols a, b): temple typology (a) , obelisk typology (b). At this level are visible the specific shapes of the Jewish canon of the tomb stones mentioned above, the shape of the Temple and the pole. The general shape of the temple typology contains the segments: the pedestal area, the epitaph area, the cornice area and the pediment area (Pic.113). At this level of classification we considered the area of the pediment as defining. According to the characteristic "the shape of the pediment" (the fifth) the tomb stones are grouped in (characteristic identified with the symbols a.a., a.b., a.c. ... a.n.): circular pediment (a.a.), triangular pediment (a.b.), gothic arch pediment (a.c.), ... other shapes of pediment (a.n.). At the next level (the sixth) the characteristic of classification (characteristic identified with the symbols a.a.a., a.a.b., a.a.c., a.a.d., a.a.e., a.a.f.,... a.a.n.) is connected to other architectural elements of a pediment typology: simple arch, arch between ears, horizontally edged arch and interrupted cornice, horizontally edged arch and interrupted cornice between ears, arch bordered by half of a convexity, arch bordered by a concavity, ...n arch associated with a complex shape. We consider that the proposed formula of classification is comprehensive for any Jewish cemetery, from the third level the in depth analysis is based on the most prominent characteristics of the stone in discussion. In order to highlight what is specific to the cemeteries from the north-west of Romania, we selected for presentation, the most frequent shapes but also the most complex, which define the attitude of the Jews towards art, after emancipation, complexity determined by the importance of the quantity of biblical knowledge of the deceased, but also by the financial level and social importance of the deceased in the community. Typology I.A.l. pseudo-architectural and typology I.A.2. vaguely architectural are the emblematic typologies for the cemeteries in the north-west of Romania, but in similar variants they are encountered on much larger areas in the Jewish cemeteries. The shapes of these stones seem to be the descendants of the shapes of the antique funerary stars, which were known by the peregrine ethnic groups from the 114
