Habersack, Sabine - Puşcaş, Vasile - Ciubotă, Viorel (szerk.): Democraţia in Europa centrală şi de Sud-Est - Aspiraţie şi realitate (Secolele XIX-XX) (Satu Mare, 2001)
Camil Mureşan: Câteva consideraţii cu privire la evoluţia democratică în Centrul şi Sud-Estul Europei
drastically corected by population transfers and by massive property transfers from Moslims to the members of the majoritary ethny. If these methods had no results it was created a cultural-political ideology, as the illirism or the vugoslavism. Both of them had, as common points, the unique roots of the origin, language and nation of the people from Western Balkan Half-Isle - a basis for the future centralist politics of the Yugoslavian state. In whole Central and South-East Europe, the parties were moulded after the classical liberal-conservative pattem, at least as a basis platform. These doctrines didn't have the complete and clear substance from Western countries. Liberalism was represented here by a less emancipated bourgeoisie; the strong nationalism determined renunciation from some of the pure, classic liberalism, illustrated by Benjamin Constant, Stuart Mill, Gladstone a.s.o. By promoting a vanguard reformism, the South-Eastern Europe liberalism wanted to set up for “the delay”. Conservatorism had a much stronger base in Habsburg monarchy and in Romania, where the landlords had a great power. This material base was weak in Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece. Yet, there were factors to promote conservatorism: royalty, army, bourgeoisie and clergy. Drawing up an imaginary itinerary from Vienna, over Budapest, Belgrad, Bucharest, Sofia, till Athens, one may see. that, as the distance from Central Europe is bigger, it growes up the division of politic parties under all sort of hybrid labels, without well outlined programmes. The result is appearance of random personalities and slogans. Starting with 1880-90, socialism had enough economic and social support in Austria and Hungary, less represented in the above mentioned countries. Initially, the electoral system was based on electoral qualification and on indirect elections, the electorate being divided in curias, which distorted representativeness. In Austria, the universal sufragge was introduced in 1906-1907; in Greece in 1864 and in Bulgaria in 1879. But the electoral practice was never and nowhere impeccable, even if the vote was formally proclaimed as universal, so we cannot speak about a real democracy during this period. The most cogent indicators as concerns politic democracy are the fundamental laws, the constitutions. Yet, we do need a critical discrimination, checking up not only the statements, but the application of the laws. In Austria, neo-absolutism renounced the way started in October 1860 and in February 1861. Instead of the federalism, it made an option for Evoluţia democratică în centrul şi sud estul Europei 27
