Ciubotă, Viorel - Nicolescu, Gheorge - Ţucă, Cornel (szerk.): Jurnal de operaţiuni al Comandamentului Trupelor din Transilvania (1918-1921) 2. (Satu Mare, 1998)
Istorie şi Geografie Istorică / Geschichte und Landeskunde / Történelem és országismeret - Regiuni de frontieră şi zone de contact / Grenzreionen und Kontakträume / Határvidékek és kapcsolódási területek
290 Luca Calvi Protestants in Poland and Hungary, or using later their Uniate particularity to distinct themselves from the other Orthodoxes when in contact with Romanians and Ukrainians. Today, the juxtaposition goes on, getting even much more complicated aspects: in Ukraine the former Uniates, after having been acknowledged by the new indipendent Ukraine, due to the politics of this one against Rusyn peculiarity, are going back to Orthodoxy, acknowledging anyhow the primacy of Moscow Metropolitan, as a revenge against the nationalistic politics of Ukraine; the same happens in Slovakia, were the Greek Catholic Church, almost slovakized, is losing most of the Rusyns in favour of the Orthodoxy, or in Poland, where the Lemkos, divided in pro-Ukrainians and pro-Rusyns are dividing themselves in Uniates and Orthodoxes (HANN 1995; HARAKSIM 1992; MAGOCSI 1993; RUSÍNI 1994). The ethno-sacral factors gained new force, anyhow, with the birth of nationalistic movements in these lands after the second half of the XIXth century and burst out after the 1st World War: the Rusyn intelligencija became to be divided in Russophiles, Ukrainophiles and Old-Ruthenianophiles, later Rusynophiles, i.e. in three different options of nationality. After the 1st World War, most of the Rusyn lands fell under the domination of Czecho-Slovakia, in the Eastern part of which (UChorod and Mukaéeve) prevailed the ukrainophile options, while in the Western part it was the Rusynophile option which played the most important role. In Poland also we can assist to a division between Ukrainophiles and Rusynophiles, which brought to a double “national” consciousness of these lands. Anyhow, we must remember that a good number of Rusyns, even if “nationally” conscious, politically aimed to unite with Hungary again or with Russia, or simply changed position almost every year (MAGOCSI 1978, 1983, 1991, 1992a, 1992c, 1995; ZEGUC 1965). The evenements of the 2nd World War, together with the attempt to create an independent State called Karpats ’ka Ukraina more or less at the same time with the Slovakia of Msgr. Tiso, the Hungarian annexation and, definitely, with the Soviet incorporation of most of the Rusyn lands in the boundaries of the Soviet Union let the Ukrainian national option prevail above the almost disappeared Russophile and the Rusynophile one. Some groups of Lemkos remaines in Poland, deported and persecuted by the régime as well as the other Ukrainians during the Akcja Wis3a\ other groups remained in the Presov region of Czecho-Slovakia, nowadays Slovakia, where they were simply identified as Ukrainians thanks to the politics of the Soviet government and of part of the local intelligencija. In Romania and Hungary, the very few Rusyns that remained there underwent a politics of denationalization and assimilation, while in Yugoslavia the small but well conscious group of the Baéka Rusyns could develop its own particularity maintaining an Ukrainian, Russian or Rusyn particularity depending on the needs of Tito’s régime until the dissolution of the Federation (CALVI 1997b). Acknowledged, when taken into account, by historians, ethnographers and linguists as a part of Ukrainians until the 90’s of this century, the
