Virag, Cristian (szerk.): Satu Mare. Studii şi comunicări. Seria arheologie 27/1. (2011)
Liviu Marta, János Németi: Descoperi de bronzuri din Sătmar
Descoperiri de bronzuri din Sătmar were found in the arable layer. The situation becomes even clearer if we consider that two of the pieces were found as well as the core hoard in the drainage ditch line between properties, suggesting the four objects were pulled by the plow when the ditch was made (or rearranged). Except the sickle with tongue handle within the hoard of Giorocuta, we can see depositions mainly of whole pieces, which is typical of the Moigrad-Tăuteu type deposits. The deposit from Giorocuta is small. Its composition is complex because it contains: tools (sickles, the chisel and possibly the winged ax), jewelry (the bracelet) and probably weapons (the ax). The combination is met in the series of hoards assigned to the phases Ha A2-HaBl or in hoards close in dimensions, or in larger deposits which include among other pieces those in the Giorocuta hoard. This deposit together with that from Pir, or with other deposits recently discovered in Maramureş significantly increased the number of Moidrad-Tăuteu type of hoards in the area between the Upper Basin of the Tisza River and Transylvania. With these new hoards, the depositions for the HaB period tend to gain scale similar to that in neighboring regions, even though much reduced as compared to those known in the BzD and HaA. Even if they occurred without clear context, particularly important are some of the bronze pieces discovered by chance. Two earlier pieces, the flat ax from Sanislău and the pendant from Pir were found both within settlements. The ax was found in a settlement with pottery fragments assigned to the Sanislău cultural group and to the Otomani culture (phase II). Without a direct connection, we mention that near Sanislău, at Berea were discovered moulds of two flat axes. They were found together with two axes of the Hajdúsamson type and assigned to the Middle Bronze Age II. Dating the crescent pendant from Pir to the Late Bronze Age we meet the dating of the tell where it has been discovered. Its period extends until the last phase of the Otomani culture. The disc-butted ax originating from Santău area is relatively rare, as the new discovery is slightly westward of the usual area covered by the variant Breb. As it has been framed by Al. Vulpe, the area covered by these axes corresponded to the area of the Suciu de Sus culture. The ax from Santău and the three axes from Tiream, make clear that Satu Mare County forms a core area where the disc-butted axes occur. The needle of Ciumeşti, even though a discovery without context, is important in the context of the disputed issue about the beginnings of the iron metallurgy in Central Europe, during the Late Bronze Age. The presence of an iron core inside this piece of bronze typical of the Uriu-Opályi horizon of hoards, with a strong specific regional aspect, along with the socketed axes from Lăpuş (dated to the Lăpuş phase I) and the knife in the hoard from Rozavlea (Opályi type) comes to stand for dating during this period the beginnings of the use of iron in the Upper Tisza area. 97
