B. Papp szerk.: Studia Botanica Hungarica 36. 2005 (Budapest, 2005)

Medzihradszky, Zsófia: Holocene vegetation history and human activity in the Kis-Balaton area, Western Hungary

levels Quercus reaches 30% value, otherwise 20% in average. Ulmus is about at 10%, Fagus is somewhat below 20%. Corylus has a peak at 25%. Among the herbaceous plants the value of Poaceae is 20% in average and only 1-2% of this falls within the Phragmites type. Cyperaceae and Brassicaceae families decrease, and very low is the value of both subfamilies of Compositae. Among the aquatic plants the presence of Nymphaea and Myriophyllum-Potamogeton reed grass is significant. Very high is the value of Pediastrum. Cereals do appear in this zone for the first time. The zone was divided into two parts. LPAZ Ha. 240-180 cm. The value of Fagus increases (up to 10%), and Corylus shows its highest percentage (25%). The only peak of Tilia occurs in this subzone with 10%. A general decrease of herbs is detectable. The upper border of the subzone was drawn mainly because of the sudden change in the sedimentation. LPAZ lib. 180-95 cm. Fagus further increases up to 20%, while Corylus decreases rapidly. The Poaceae curve is stable at about 20%. Between 130 and 115 cm a very high Pediastrum peak occurs. LPAZ III. 95-50 cm (6000-4600 conv. 14

C BP; 4900-3100 cal ,4

C BC): A moderate increase of Pinus and a small decrease of Quercus characterise the zone. The value of Fagus decreases as well as Carpinus, and although the latter is greatly reduced, it is constantly present. Poaceae are very significant again and the Cyperaceae also increase. The growing presence of Artemisia and Compositae could be related to forest clearance. From anthropogenic point of view the zone could be divided into two parts (LPAZ Ilia. 95-65 cm and LPAZ Illb. 65-50 cm). In the Illb subzone, compared to the Ilia, a small Betula, Corylus and Quercus peak and an apparent decline of Poaceae and Artemisia is observed. The cereals are missing. LPAZ IV. 50-0 cm (4600-3000 conv. I4

C BP; 3100-1500 cal 14

C BC): Quercus decreases, but Fagus increases together with Carpinus. Poaceae reaches the highest value, 40%. The values of other herbs also increase. Anthropogenic signs The anthropogenic taxa and phenomena were analysed in a special diagram, according to Keszthely-Usztatómajor (Fig. 10). Pollen of the cereals occur at 215 cm, 205 cm, 195 and 190 cm depth. This is discontinuous but the consistency could refer to the Starcevo culture (Early Neolithic, middle of the 6th millennium). From a depth of 165-60 cm (about 4900—4-400 BC), among the Poaceae pollen types, Triticum monococcum-Hordeum group (37-40 urn) and Triticum group (> 40 urn) occur constantly, which is evidence of significant crop cultivation during the Late Neolithic. From this age