L. Hably szerk.: Studia Botanica Hungarica 22. 1990 (Budapest, 1990)

The species Zelkova zelkovaefolia appears in Hungary first during the Upper Oligocène. ANDREÁNSZKY (1967) mentioned it from the Noszvaj section of Middle Oligocène age (Lower Egerian). Though RÁSKY (1943) mentioned under the name of Zelkova a fragmented leaf from the Lower Oligocène, it is uncertain. The species is relatively rare in the Upper Oligocène as well. There was a single specimen found at Verőcemaros (HABLY 1982) and three specimens at Vértesszőlős. From the Wind's Brickyard, ANDREÁNSZKY did not mention Zelkova

, only a leaf-print similar to Zelkova described under the name of Ulmus type IV. This leaf is widening to wards the basis terminating in a rounded basis, thus it is essentially different from the Vértesszőlős specimens. The species Z. zelkovaefolia is very frequent during the Miocene, mainly, the Sarmatian throughout Europe. It is present on some localities of the Sarmatian of Hungary as dominant species. On the basis of the Hungarian material it seems that the genus Zelkova arrived simultaneously with the infiltration of the Arctotertiary elements during the Egerian. Its boom took place during the Sarmatian. Probably not the deterioration of the climate presented more favourable circumstances but that was the time when the concurrent subtropical elements disappeared from the assemblage. As the plant is known to be thermophylous even today, it could have lived among optimal conditions during the Upper Oligocène as well, but there were still several tropical elements present in the flora preventing their sudden advance. Parallel to the decrease of tropical elements the species gradually became more and more frequent, attaining a dominant role during the Sarmatian Stage. From the Pannonian Stage, still we have numerous representatives of the species at many sites. Fagaceae Quercus L. Quercus sp. type I. Pl. XXII, Fig. 3; Fig. 108. Material: No.: 76.8.1. 1 piece Description: Almost intact specimen, the apex is somewhat fragmented, the basis is more intensively injured. The form of the leaf is oblong, its length is 13.5 cm, width 3.4 cm. The margin of the leaf is irregular wavy, otherwise entire. The lamina is randomly protruding at some places. There are no lobes on the leaf, opposed to most oak species in general, but the margin is already not smooth. The midvein is very strong, mainly at the lower part of the leaf, its width reaching 2 mm. It is getting narrow towards the apex, in the upper third of the leaf it is already quite thin. The secondary vein system is apparent but not very strong, which can be a consequence of the fact that we have the frontal part of the leaf printed and not the reverse part. The veins are running out till the margin, that is, a craspedodromous venation is formed, and not a camptodromous one as in case of the Q. neriifolia or the Q. apocynophyllum

. It is possible, however, that on the medial parts of the leaf a camptodromous type was formed. The vein system here cannot be properly observed. On the intersecondary area there are weak intermediate veins branching off the midvein. From some of the secondary veins, there is a Y-form forking starting near the margin. cf. Quercus sp. type II. Pl. XXII, Fig. 2; Fig. 113. Material: No.: 76.116.1 1 piece Description: Length of the leaf is 7.3 cm, its width is 2.8 cm. Its form is ovate, the basis rounded, the apex acute. The margin of the leaf is intact at the lower two-third of the lamina and toothed in the upper third. It can be wavy on these parts as well: the character of the margin cannot be ade-