Zs. P. Komáromy szerk.: Studia Botanica Hungarica 13. 1979 (Budapest, 1979)
Hably, Lilla: Climatic changes in the area of Central Paratethys during the Tertiary (based on the macroflora)
LER (1933) and CHANDLER's: Lower Tertiary Flora (1964). To this can be related the so-called Mastixioidea flora (KIRCHHEIMER 1938), which has become universally known through the palaeocarpological branch of paleobotanies. No Mastixioidea has been recovered from leaf-flora, or else the finds are uncertain. Its pollen badly fossilates, but its fruits can be found in large quantities. Earlier it was thought to be characteristic only of the Tertiary of West Europe, lately however it has been described in a great number of other places. On account of its extensive occurrence and that it to a definite biocenosis it is a good object for correlation-tests. Mastixioidea flora indicates laurophillous evergreen vegetation in a subtropical climate. In addition to the family Mastixiaceae ; Symplocaceae , Magnoliaceae , Arctostaphyloide s and Castanopsis are to be found in this flora. The flora flourished in the Eocene under tropical conditions. Then it stretched from West Europe to Kazahstan with roughly the same or similar species. In the Neogene it occurs as a relic; in the Miocene it has been described by several authors. Its Easternmost appearance in the Miocene known at the present is in the Southern part of Poland. In Hungary the palaeocarpological section of paleobotanies is a field where little research has been conducted so far, and therefore Mastixioidea flora has not been found either in Eocene or later. Of the Eocene florae the most significant and nearest to us is the one in Geiseltal in the GDR, dating from the Middle Eocene (RÜFFLE 19 67). The climate was warm and rainy, tropical or a warmer subtropical. This is indicated by the great number of palm remains. At the same time in the Eocene on the area of Germany Arctotertiary elements appeared already and they prevailed in the Lower Oligocène. But they are missing in the Eocene and Lower Oligocène in Czechoslovakia, they appear in the Middle Oligocène flora'of Kuclin, where they are of no significance yet and become prevalent only during the Egerian (Upper Oligocène). This shows similarity and even identity with the time of the spread of the Arctotertiary flora in Hungary. In this country in spite of the considerable carbon formations in the Eocene, there are no remains similar to the excellently conserved flora of Geiseltal. With the exception of the Lábatlan locality only sporadic finds can be mentioned. RÁSKY (1948) has described Nipa remains from Dudar, KOVÁCS (1958, 1959) described Magnolia and Dryophyllum from Lábatlan. On the basis of remains the above authors assume a subtropical climate. No research has been made in the Upper Eocene of this country, only RÁSKY describes a couple of plants in the Buda Marl, on the basis of which she supposes a relationship of the flora with that of South-East Asia today. In the area of Czechoslovakia similar flora is described by KNO BLOCH (1967). A common feature of each is the Indo-Malaysian character. As regards the climate, it indicates subtropical conditions. Oligocène is a much better examined age than Eocene, yet it is still less explored than Neogene. In Czechoslovakia the Lower Oligocène has been determined by Doliostrobus which extends to the Middle Oligocène. This genus is known from the Upper Crete and can be found right up to the Middle Miocene at different places with different species. In the area of the Czech' Massive it first appears in the Lower Oligocène and is characteristic for the Lower and Middle Oligocène (BUZEK-HOLY-KVACEK 1968). This seemstobea level-marking genus, since it occurs in large quantities also in the area or at least in part of the area of Central Europe. On the one hand the remains men-
