Dr. Szabó Lajos: A magyar ifjúság testi nevelésének története (A Sportmúzeum Kincsei 5. Budapest, 2004)

Testnevelés - honvédelmi nevelés - katonai előképzés

THE MAIN COAL OF THE CLASSICAL 'SCUOLA' was to bring up youth in religious spirit which was for a long time incompatible with the demands of physical education and military training. This contradiction was strenghtened by considerations aiming at hindering students from learning anything about bearing arms. The demand from the side of state or the emperor for military training at schoolsrose in the period of the enlightened absolutism parallelly with the birth of mass armies in europe, but because of the fear of a Hungarian rebellion, the Ratio Educationis (1777) contained the prohibitiion yet. The breakthrough was brought by the bourgois revolution of 1848 when giving way to the students' claims and the nedds of the army the senior students were allowed to take arms in the years of the war of independence. Physical training with special regard to military service was put into the public school education bill as a special independent subject. Unfortunately the preposition was thrown out by the Upper House and the war of independence was defeated so the case of physical education was dropped for a while. The positive decision in this matter was made after 1867 when Austria and Hungary came to a compromise and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was established. As the German and French pattern showed the creation of a mass army as the new demand of a modern state needed a preparatory physical education training at schools. Both liberal and conservative pedagogues seriously disagreed with this aspiration of the military circles and after some attempts (by Heimerle, Wolf, Wéber etc.) the initiative did not get support at the pariament. After the turn of the century some elements of this preparatory training were introduced to the activity of scouting but the shooting movement led by Miklós Szemere was more important at the time. The lost war and the peace treaty at Trianon brought the independent regulation of the whole case in the special law of 1921.