A műemlékek sokszínűsége (A 28. Egri Nyári Egyetem előadásai 1998 Eger, 1998)

Előadások / Presentations - NÉMETH Györgyi: Monument protection in large industrial establishments

achieve that the monument to be protected would not be difficult to comprehend for the public by preserving its original place in production and system of connections as much as possible. To introduce the complexity of industrial architecture one of the best examples is to examine the edifices of metallurgical complexes while focusing on technology. The production of crude iron is the starting point of the whole iron metallurgical line, which still requires the blast furnace. The blast furnace is a technological item supplemented by underground facilities like bunkers storing coke and ore as well as the shute and the conveyor belt to get the coke from the railway carriages to the bunkers. Technological devices like the hotblast stove and the gas purificator give the characteristic view of a blast furnace plant. The casting hall cannot be separated from the blast furnace either, which can be definitely regarded as a building. Processing crude iron may happen in several ways. The continuous casting plant located next to the blast furnace is a technological device, the iron foundry is however a plant hall, where casting is done with the help of various furnaces and sanding devices. Since the use of cast iron has decreased both in every day life and industrial production, steel production is the next phase in the procession of iron. Steel production required converters and their sub devices in the plant hall. The Siemens-Martin procedure has recently become obsolete after having been used for a hundred years. Electric steel works are also located in halls, although their appearance is different due to the nature of their technology. Steel foundries produce semi-finished and finished products and rolling mills manufacture goods of varied quality. They are also located in big halls, which consist of several aisles providing room for production, finishing and ready goods waiting for delivery. Forging workshops also operate in halls, but entirely different buildings can also be found in the areas of iron metallurgical complexes. These giant plants usually set up their own energy supply, thus erected power plants including boiler and machinery premises. Electric energy was transported via transformer stations in the territory of the plant. Compressed air was produced in compressing rooms, water works supplied water where a part of the machinery can be found in specially constructed buildings. Both the blast furnaces and the energy network required cooling water, thus huge cooling towers made from concrete can always be found by iron metallurgical plants. Industrial water is cleaned by Dorr sedimentators. Due to the foundry technology several furnaces required the maintenance of their own fire proof brick factory. Different forms of buildings provided room for the tunnel furnace and the Hoffman circular furnace, not to mention the mixing plants and the various types of drying sheds. In these plants occupying large areas huge quantities of raw materials and finished products were transported by rail, therefore a railway station, several small stations and warehouses can also be found by the plant halls. Owing to the industrial use, the factory railway station has oil drawing devices and there are engine repair workshops in the area of the plant. A factory chimney traditionally belongs to the view of a plant, a large number of various chimneys can be especially found in metallurgical plants. The factory units and the whole plant are managed in office buildings of a public edifice character. Beside the so-called buildings for social purposes containing the workers' changing rooms and showers there are constructions for educational and cultural purposes, too. A modem plant would necessarily have its own laboratory, which is also located in a separate, purpose-built building. The factory, however, did not end at the factory wall, due to the technology, mines and quarries to gain coal, dolomite and limestone together with technological devices and various buildings also belonged to the plant. The construction of colonies was a necessary part of setting up factories in the 19th and 20th centuries, since the new factories required a large number of workforce and that could only be done by moving workers from other areas, which was possible by providing them with adequate housing and living conditions. That is why colonies built in the same style as the factory and capable to fulfil all the functions of a town belonged organically to the plants. The Diósgyőr iron-foundry celebrated the anniversary of its 225 years of existence. In its golden days it was a giant plant, which had everything a complete iron metallurgical plant required. The Omassa and