Dr. Balázs Dénes szerk.: Földrajzi Múzeumi Tanulmányok 7. (Magyar Földrajzi Múzeum; Érd, 1989)

ÉRTEKEZÉSEK - Dr. Balázs Dénes: Budai Parmenius István, az első magyar tudós utazó Amerikában (1583)

Golden Hind (Arany Szarvas). Kapitánya: Edward Hayes. Egyedül ennek a hajónak sikerült teljesítenie az expedíciós küldetést, és tért vissza baj nélkül 1583. szept. 22-én az angliai Falmouthba. • A tragédia színhelyének megállapítása sok vitára adott okot. A hajók útvonalának nyomon követése alapján legvalószínűbb, hogy a Delight a Sable-szigettől nyugatra elterülő West Bar (Nyugati-zátony) egyik homoktorlaszán akadt fenn. A mögötte haladó két hajó még időben irányt változtathatott dél felé, a mélyebb víz irányába (lásd az ábrán). Budai Parmenius István eddig előtalált munkái 1. Paean, Stephani Parmenii Budeii ad psalmum Davidis CIV conformatus et, gratiarum loco, post prospérant ex suis Pannonos in Angliám peregrinationem, Deo optimo et termaximo servatori consecratus. Londini, Excudebat Thomas Vautroullerius Typographus, 1582. (Angolul: Thanksgiving Hymn, by Stephen Parmenius of Buda, modelled on Psalm of David 104 and dedicated to the Good Lord and Almighty Saviour in gratitude for a safe journey from Hungary to England. London, Printed by Thomas Vautrollier, 1582) — Original copy: British Museum, 11630. ff.2. 2. De Navigatione illustris et magnanimi equitis aurati Humfredi Gilberti ad deducendam in novum orbem coloniam suscepta, Carmen, Stephani Parmeni Budeii. Londini, Apud Thomam Purfutium, Anno 1582. (Angolul: An Embarkation Poem for the voyage projected by the celebrated and noble Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Golden Knight, to take a colony to the New World, by Stephen Parmenius of Buda. London, Thomas Purfoote, 1582) — Original copy: British Museum, 1070. rn. 31.3. 3. Newfoundland Letter. A letter of the learned Hungarian Stephanus Parmenius Budeius to master Richard Hakluyt. (From Newfoundland, 6. August 1583. Latin and English.) In: Richard Hakluyt, Pricipall Navigations, London, 1589. pp. 697 — 699. 4. Ad Thamesin. (To the Thames.) A Temzéhez. Költemény. Ács Tivadar fordítása. — Filológiai Közlöny, 1962. 1—2. pp. 115-122. IRODALOM ÁCS TIVADAR (1940): Akik elvándoroltak. - Bp., pp. 123129. ÁCS TIVADAR (1962) : Egy tengerbe veszett magyar humanista költő a XVI. században — Filológiai Közi., pp. 115 — 122. BALÁZS DÉNES (1985): Parmenius István emléktáblája ÜjFundlandon — Földr. Múz. Tan. 1. p. 61. HAKLUYT RICHARD (1582) : Divers voyages touching the discoverie of America — London, T. Woodcocke. (Reprint London, 1950). HAKLUYT RICHARD (1589) : The principall navigations, voiages and discoveries of the English nation — London, Deputies to Chr. Barker. (Reprint Cambridge, 1965.) HAKLUYT RICHARD (1598-1600) : The principal navigations, traffiques and discoveries of the English nation — 3 vols. London, G. Bishop, R. Newberie and C. Barker. (Reprint Glasgow, 1903-1905; 12 vols.) HORVÁTH KÁROLY (1928): Angol-magyar kapcsolatok. Budai Parmenius István — História, Bp., pp. 13 — 14. HORVÁTH KÁROLY (1930): Historical links between England and Hungary. István Parmenius of Buda — Hungary, a quaterly review, Bp., pp. I —20. KÉZ ANDOR (é.n.) : Parmenius István — In: Felfedezők lexikona. Bp. KOVÁCS SÁNDOR (1973): Az új-fundlandi expedíció magyar krónikása: Budai Parmenius István. In: Magyar utazók, földrajzi felfedezők. Szerk.: Havasné Bede Piroska — Somogyi Sándor. Bp., 37-41. KROPF LAJOS (1889) : Budai Parmenius István - Századok, XXIII. pp. 150-154. MÁRKI SÁNDOR (1893) : Amerika és Magyarország - Földr. Közi. 2. p. 60. PIVÁNY JENŐ (1944) : Hungary and the Americas - Bp. QU INN DA VID B. and NEIL M. CHESHIRE (1972) : The New Found Land of Stephen Parmenius. The life and writings of a Hungarian poet, drowned on a voyage from Newfoundland, 1583. — Univ. of Toronto Press, Toronto and Buffalo SZINNYEI JÓZSEF (1905) : Magyar írók élete és munkái Bp., X. kötet, 409 - 410. hasáb. STEPHEN PARMENIUS OF BUDA THE FIRST HUNGARIAN SCHOLAR-EXPLORER IN AMERICA The Author gives a short summary of the life and work of a young Hungarian scholar, poet and explorer, Stephen Parmenius, who was the first visitor from his country in North America in 1583. Stephen Parmenius was born in Buda after its capture by the Turks in 1541. The exact date of his birth is unknown, but roughly between 1555 and 1560. It seems likely that he belonged to a Protestant family of some position or wealth, for he received a classical education. We do not know who Parmenius' own teachers were, but we may be sure they were among the most eminent Hungarian scholars. After his undergraduate education, he was sent to continue his studies in the West European universities. In 1579 he went first to one of the leading Protestant universities in Germany, that is Heidelberg. After two years of his continental studies, he arrived in England by autumn of 1581. That time, he was clearly well advanced in his educational programme. He came directly to Oxford to study the new geography. His teachers were Richard Hakluyt and Dr. Laurence Humfrey. Hakluyt had taught Parmenius much about the English geographical exploration, and in return, Parmenius helped Hakluyt to put together his famous work, the Divers Voyages. Hakluyt took Parmenius with him to London, introducing him to Sir Humphrey Gilbert. The two men were attracted to each other, and Gilbert invited Parmenius to take part in his planned North American expedition 1583 to record the source of the voyage and to render into Latin verse. The expedition's five ships sailed from Plymouth on 11th June, 1583. One of the ships was deserted, but the others reached Newfoundland on 1st August. On the 5th the admiral took these regions into the possession and authority of himself and of the Queen Elisabeth. This was the beginning of the world's greatest empire. On the next day Parmenius wrote a letter to his friend, Richard Hakluyt, and this is one of the most important document about the history of Gilbert's expedition. His misfortune and ours is that Parmenius did not have the opportunity to exercise his gifts more fully. His ship, the Delight was wreckened near Sable Island and Parmenius lost his life. Gilbert has continued his voyage back for England, but the sea claimed him and his small ship too. Only one ship, the Golden Hind has reached the home port, and his captain, Edward Hayes reported the tragedy as follows: "...Amongest whom was drowned a learned man, an Hungarian, born in the Citie of Buda, called there of Budaeus, who of pietie and zeale to good attempts, adventured in this action, minding to record in the Latine tongue, the gest and things worthy of remembrance, happening in this discoverie, to the honour of our nation, the same being adorned with the eloquent stile of this Orator, and rare Poet of our time."