Veress Márton: A Bakony természettudományi kutatásának eredményei 23. - Covered karst evolution... (Zirc, 2000)

KARSTIFICATION

Fig. 36. Remnant features predominantly formed by stream erosion (below Pápalátó-kő) (a) and by sheet wash (around Cave Ö-32) (b) (a: after VERESS 1981a; b: see Annual Report of Cholnoky Caving Group for 1981) Legend: a: 1. rock wall; 2. truncated cave remnant; 3. vertically elongated, impassable truncated cave remnants of circular irregular cross-section; 4. ruined cave remnant; 5. chimney ruin; 6. cave ruins with ceiling remnants; 7. cave ruin of corridor-like appearance; 8. cave ruin of chamber-like appearance; 9. rock arch; 10. spherical cauldron on rock wall; 11. collapsed material; 12. debris, soil; 13. slope; 14. walking path b: 1. dip and dip direction of bed; 2. rock wall; 3. height of rock wall (m); 4. slope angle and direction; 5. entrance to passable cave remnant; 6. impassable cave remnant; 7. impassable ruined cave remnant; 8. height of karst passage in rock wall (m); 9. cave ruin; 10. caved-in ceiling (cave remnant with damaged ceiling); 11. debris; 12. collapsed material from ceiling ponor of small size and without channel are formed in rows. Where exhumation is due to sheet wash, the alignment of rows can be adjusted to the strike of faults (karstification takes place along a single scarp edge) or rectilinear to the strike (karstification takes place in certain sites along the scarp edge). Where exhumation is due to stream erosion, rows of depressions are associated with valleys. Here the surface with fault scarps is dissected by superimposed valleys older than the faults (inactive well-developed superimposed valley type) and the valleys are subsequently filled by redeposited loess. Now younger valleys are incising into the old valley fills (developing superimposed valley type - Fig. 48). The cover sediments in the upper ends of older superimposed valleys are redeposited into the younger valleys and, thus, the cover sediments there have thinned out (Fig. 39a). Rows of karst depression can also develop in the sides of inactive well-developed superimposed valleys since during the regression of developing superimposed valleys cover sediments may also thin out on the valley sides of the former through sheet wash. In this case the rows of depressions meet the valleys at low angles since along the lower valley sections the evolution of the developing superimposed valley is of earlier date and, thus, sheet wash may extend over the upper segments of the wall of the older superimposed valley. Along the upper valley sections sheet wash could make cover sediments thin out only on the lower valley sides since along these sections, due to the headward incision of developing superimposed valley, sheet wash could start at a later date (Fig. 39). Karstification can also take place where channels retreat from the younger developing superimposed valley towards the upper part of the older, well-developed superimposed valley where the latter is is still filled (buried) (Pict. 49; Fig. 40). In both sites the edges of fault-scarps experience karstification. Exhumation types by sheet wash and by stream erosion are not distinct from each other spatially. In the area of the Márvány-árok (N slope of Kőris Hill) exhumation and accompanying karstification are caused by stream erosion in the superimposed valleys and on interfluvial ridges by sheet wash (Fig. 41). Karstification of terrains with cones In considerable parts of the mountains the carbonate surface is uneven and dissected by cones (VERESS 1991). This morphology is primarily typical of Middle Cretaceous limestones but also occurs on „Hauptdolomit", Jurassic limestones and Middle Eocene limestones. Cones are sometimes found in rows and in other places arranged irregularly. This assemblage of features can be regarded as remnants of a tropical fengzong type of inselberg karst, exhumed to various degrees. On the summit levels of buried cones (hidden rock boundary) or on the sides of semiexhumed cones (asymmetric hidden rock boundary or no